Illumination Is Necessary and Sufficient to Induce Histone Acetylation Independent of Transcriptional Activity at the C4-Specific Phospho<i>enol</i>pyruvate Carboxylase Promoter in Maize

Offermann, Sascha; Danker, Tanja; Dreymüller, Daniela; Kalamajka, Rainer; Töpsch, Sonja; Weyand, Katrin; Peterhänsel, Christoph

doi:10.1104/pp.106.080457

Cited by 44 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…At the epigenetic level, both nucleotide and histone methylation have been associated with the M cell-specific regulation of genes encoding PEPCase (Ngernprasirtsiri et al, 1989;Offermann et al, 2006;Danker et al, 2008) and histone methylation with BS cell-specific regulation of NADP-ME (Danker et al, 2008). However, such examples are limited both with respect to the generality across C 4 species and in terms of how epigenetic mechanisms interact with other levels of gene regulation.…”

Section: Cis-and Trans-regulators Of Transcriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

C₄ Cycles: Past, Present, and Future Research on C₄ Photosynthesis

2011

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In the late 1960s, a vibrant new research field was ignited by the discovery that instead of fixing CO 2 into a C 3 compound, some plants initially fix CO 2 into a four-carbon (C 4 ) compound. The term C 4 photosynthesis was born. In the 20 years that followed, physiologists, biochemists, and molecular and developmental biologists grappled to understand how the C 4 photosynthetic pathway was partitioned between two morphologically distinct cell types in the leaf. By the early 1990s, much was known about C 4 biochemistry, the types of leaf anatomy that facilitated the pathway, and the patterns of gene expression that underpinned the biochemistry. However, virtually nothing was known about how the pathway was regulated. It should have been an exciting time, but many of the original researchers were approaching retirement, C 4 plants were proving recalcitrant to genetic manipulation, and whole-genome sequences were not even a dream. In combination, these factors led to reduced funding and the failure to attract young people into the field; the endgame seemed to be underway. But over the last 5 years, there has been a resurgence of interest and funding, not least because of ambitious multinational projects that aim to increase crop yields by introducing C 4 traits into C 3 plants. Combined with new technologies, this renewed interest has resulted in the development of more sophisticated approaches toward understanding how the C 4 pathway evolved, how it is regulated, and how it might be manipulated. The extent of this resurgence is manifest by the publication in 2011 of more than 650 pages of reviews on different aspects of C 4 . Here, I provide an overview of our current understanding, the questions that are being addressed, and the issues that lie ahead.

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Section: Cis-and Trans-regulators Of Transcriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

C₄ Cycles: Past, Present, and Future Research on C₄ Photosynthesis

2011

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“…Regulation of BS/M Differentiation-The molecular basis for C 4 differentiation is still poorly understood, but it has been established that it includes nuclear transcriptional regulation through DNA regulatory elements, transcription factors, histone modifications, and likely also metabolic signals (5,159). Nuclear gene expression is also influenced by signals from the plastid, but the actual signals have not been identified conclusively (160,161).…”

Section: Control and Regulation Of Excitation Energy And Ros Defense-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequences of C4 Differentiation for Chloroplast Membrane Proteomes in Maize Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Cells

Majeran

Zybailov

Ytterberg

et al. 2008

Molecular & Cellular Proteomics

190

205

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Chloroplasts of maize leaves differentiate into specific bundle sheath (BS) and mesophyll (M) types to accommodate C 4 photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain thylakoid and envelope membranes that contain the photosynthetic machineries and transporters but also proteins involved in e.g. protein homeostasis. These chloroplast membranes must be specialized within each cell type to accommodate C 4 photosynthesis and regulate metabolic fluxes and activities. This quantitative study determined the differentiated state of BS and M chloroplast thylakoid and envelope membrane proteomes and their oligomeric states using innovative gel-based and mass spectrometry-based protein quantifications. This included native gels, iTRAQ, and label-free quantification using an LTQ-Orbitrap. Subunits of Photosystems I and II, the cytochrome b 6 f, and ATP synthase complexes showed average BS/M accumulation ratios of 1.6, 0.45, 1.0, and 1.33, respectively, whereas ratios for the light-harvesting complex I and II families were 1.72 and 0.68, respectively. A 1000-kDa BS-specific NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex with associated proteins of unknown function containing more than 15 proteins was observed; we speculate that this novel complex possibly functions in inorganic carbon concentration when carboxylation rates by ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase are lower than decarboxylation rates by malic enzyme. In leaves of C 4 grasses such as maize (Zea mays), photosynthetic activities are partitioned between two morphologically and biochemically distinct bundle sheath (BS) 1 and mesophyll (M) cells. A single ring of BS cells surrounds the vascular bundle followed by a concentric ring of specialized M cells, creating the classical Kranz anatomy. C 4 differentiation occurs along a developmental gradient with proplastids at the leaf base and fully differentiated C 4 M and BS chloroplasts at the leaf tip. Genetic screens for mutants affected in BS differentiation identified various mutants (1-4). However, the molecular basis for C 4 differentiation is still poorly understood but includes transcriptional regulation through DNA regulatory elements, transcription factors, and likely also metabolic signals (5, 6). Differential accumulation of thylakoid proteases (Egy andDegP

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“…The expression of specific genes. 21,22 Hence, chromatin-modifying complexes that alter histones might act as an interface between environment and RNAPII-mediated gene expression to modulate leaf plasticity. It will be interesting to study whether there is crosstalk between the HUB1 or FACT complexes and signaling components related to the perception of environmental or stress conditions.…”

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The role of the transcript elongation factors FACT and HUB1 in leaf growth and the induction of flowering

Lijsebettens

Grasser

2010

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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Addendum to: Lolas IB, Himanen K, Grønlund JT, Lynggaard C, Houben A, Melzer M, et al. The transcript elongation factor FACT affects Arabidopsis vegetative and reproductive development and genetically interacts with HUB1/2. Plant J 2010; 61:686-97; PMID: 19947984; DOI: 10.1111 DOI: 10. /j.1365 DOI: 10. -313X.2009 I n the cell nucleus, the packaging of the DNA into chromatin represses transcription by restricting the access of transcriptional regulators to their binding sites and inhibiting the progression of RNA polymerases during transcript elongation. To efficiently transcribe genes in the context of chromatin, eukaryotes have a variety of transcript elongation factors promoting transcription in vivo. The facilitates chromatin transcription (FACT) complex consisting of the SSRP1 and SPT16 proteins, is a histone chaperone that assists transcription by destabilizing nucleosomes in the path of RNA polymerases. In a recent study, we report that Arabidopsis FACT is critically involved in different aspects of development including leaf growth and the transition to flowering. Moreover, FACT was found to interact genetically with HUB1 that mono-ubiquitinates histone H2B. Depending on the underlying process that is regulated by the two complexes, there appear to be different levels of interaction.The FACT heterodimer purified from human cells was shown to assist transcription by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) from chromatin templates.1 It promotes transcript elongation by facilitating the removal of histone H2A/H2B dimers from nucleosomes of transcribed genes. 2Yeast FACT (consisting of SPT16 and the SSRP1-like protein POB3) can reorganize nucleosomes without requirement of H2A/H2B removal into a form, in which the nucleosomal DNA is more accessible.3 Thus, FACT is a chromatin factor that in concert with other transcript elongation factors assists the passage of RNA polymerase through chromatin by destabilizing nucleosomes without ATP consumption. 4,5In plants, both subunits of the FACT complex are conserved and SSRP1 has been studied in quite some detail. Mediated by its HMG-box DNA-binding domain, maize SSRP1 binds with high affinity to DNA structures and it interacts preferentially with structurally flexible DNA sites. 6The DNA binding is modulated by phosphorylation catalyzed by the protein kinase CK2.7 SSRP1 interacts with nucleosome particles and associates with nuclease sensitive maize chromatin.8 Consistently, using immunofluorescence Arabidopsis FACT is detected in euchromatin, but not in heterochromatic chromocenters. Typical of transcript elongation factors, the FACT subunits associate with the entire transcribed region of active genes in Arabidopsis, but not with non-transcribed genes or intergenic regions. 9Both genes encoding FACT subunits are essential in yeast and the mouse SSRP1 is critical for cell viability. 4,10,11 Since plants are excellent models to study the role of transcript elongation factors in the development of multicellular organisms, 12,13 in a recent study we have examined Arabidopsis mut...

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Illumination Is Necessary and Sufficient to Induce Histone Acetylation Independent of Transcriptional Activity at the C4-Specific Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Promoter in Maize

Cited by 44 publications

References 35 publications

C₄ Cycles: Past, Present, and Future Research on C₄ Photosynthesis

C₄ Cycles: Past, Present, and Future Research on C₄ Photosynthesis

Consequences of C4 Differentiation for Chloroplast Membrane Proteomes in Maize Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Cells

The role of the transcript elongation factors FACT and HUB1 in leaf growth and the induction of flowering

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Illumination Is Necessary and Sufficient to Induce Histone Acetylation Independent of Transcriptional Activity at the C4-Specific Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Promoter in Maize

Cited by 44 publications

References 35 publications

C4 Cycles: Past, Present, and Future Research on C4 Photosynthesis

C4 Cycles: Past, Present, and Future Research on C4 Photosynthesis

Consequences of C4 Differentiation for Chloroplast Membrane Proteomes in Maize Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Cells

The role of the transcript elongation factors FACT and HUB1 in leaf growth and the induction of flowering

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Product

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C₄ Cycles: Past, Present, and Future Research on C₄ Photosynthesis

C₄ Cycles: Past, Present, and Future Research on C₄ Photosynthesis