Illumina-based identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from Karachay-Cherkessia soils for development of bio-fertilizers

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the species diversity of AM fungi in different parts of the North Caucasus, biodiversity hotspot, the center of the world’s biological diversity. Samples were taken from 5 locations (stationary trial plots, STPs) in different ecosystems and at various altitudes. Identification was performed using sequencing for ITS1 and ITS2 regions, amplified with universal primers, Illumina MiSeq was employed. 19 genera of AM fungi were found on all STPs. The work did not reveal a correlation between the altitude and the species composition of AM fungi. At the same time, it should be assumed that a correlation could be found between the biodiversity of AM fungi and the type of ecosystem, which should be done in the future. The study shows it is necessary to use an analysis for both ITS regions, since the data obtained for each ITS region differ and complement each other. Analysis for the ITS2 region revealed 1.3 times more virtual taxa than for the ITS1, while the number of OTUs identified per species was similar for both regions. The highest biodiversity of AM fungi was found in STP #3 (with meadow flora). Only 4 species (Rhizophagus irregularis, R. intraradices, Paraglomus laccatum, and Claroideoglomus claroideum) were found on all five analyzed STPs. We found unexpectedly that with such a high biodiversity among the identified fungi, no different species were found in the Paraglomus genus, all the sequences of Paraglomus belonged to Paraglomus laccatum, whereas at least 9 species are distinguished in the genus by morphology. Further research will allow us to identify new strains of AM fungi, the efficiency of which may be higher than already studied ones. In the future this will make it possible to create more effective microbial biofertilizers for agriculture.