Illness-induced anorexia and its possible function in the caterpillar, Manduca sexta

Adamo, Shelley A.; Fidler, Tara L.; Forestell, Catherine A.

doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2006.10.006

Cited by 67 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…7B). We note that illness-induced anorexia has also been reported in response to infection by other pathogens in a diversity of other animals (Dantzer, 2004;Adamo et al, 2007;Adamo, 2008). Some studies suggest this effect is induced by the host's own immune system (Exton, 1997;Dantzer, 2004), while others suggest anorexia could be a response by the host to reallocation of energetic reserves to defense (Moret and Schmid-Hempel, 2000;Ahmed et al, 2002;Armitage et al, 2003;Dionne et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Infection by a symbiotic polydnavirus induces wasting and inhibits metamorphosis of the mothPseudoplusia includens

Pruijssers

Falabella

Eum

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYInsect pathogens and parasites often affect the growth and development of their hosts, but understanding of these processes is fragmentary. Among the most species-rich and important mortality agents of insects are parasitoid wasps that carry symbiotic polydnaviruses (PDVs). Like many PDV-carrying wasps, Microplitis demolitor inhibits growth and pupation of its lepidopteran host, Pseudoplusia includens, by causing host hemolymph juvenile hormone (JH) titers to remain elevated and preventing ecdysteroid titers from rising. Here we report these alterations only occurred if P. includens was parasitized prior to achieving critical weight, and were fully mimicked by infection with only M. demolitor bracovirus (MdBV). Metabolic assays revealed that MdBV infection of pre-critical weight larvae caused a rapid and persistent state of hyperglycemia and reduced nutrient stores. In vitro ecdysteroid assays further indicated that prothoracic glands from larvae infected prior to achieving critical weight remained in a refractory state of ecdysteroid release, whereas infection of post-critical weight larvae had little or no effect on ecdysteroid release by prothoracic glands. Taken together, our results suggest MdBV causes alterations in metabolic physiology, which prevent the host from achieving critical weight. This in turn inhibits the endocrine events that normally trigger metamorphosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Infection by a symbiotic polydnavirus induces wasting and inhibits metamorphosis of the mothPseudoplusia includens

Pruijssers

Falabella

Eum

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Adamo and Shoemaker, 2000). In non-parasitized animals, immune challenge induces only a temporary reduction in feeding, not a permanent cessation (Adamo et al, 2007), suggesting that additional wasp-induced mechanisms are needed. Moreover, 3 days after the wasps emerge, the intensity of immunohistochemical staining for a wide range of neuropeptides within the host's supraoesophageal ganglion increases sharply (Zitnan et al, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The parasitic wasp Cotesia congregata uses multiple mechanisms to control host (Manduca sexta) behaviour

Adamo

Kovalko

Turnbull

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Some parasites alter the behaviour of their hosts. The larvae of the parasitic wasp Cotesia congregata develop within the body of the caterpillar Manduca sexta. During the initial phase of wasp development, the host's behaviour remains unchanged. However, once the wasps begin to scrape their way out of the caterpillar, the caterpillar host stops feeding and moving spontaneously. We found that the caterpillar also temporarily lost sensation around the exit hole created by each emerging wasp. However, the caterpillars regained responsiveness to nociception in those areas within 1 day. The temporary reduction in skin sensitivity is probably important for wasp survival because it prevents the caterpillar from attacking the emerging wasp larvae with a defensive strike. We also found that expression of plasmatocyte spreading peptide (PSP) and spätzle genes increased in the fat body of the host during wasp emergence. This result supports the hypothesis that the exiting wasps induce a cytokine storm in their host. Injections of PSP suppressed feeding, suggesting that an augmented immune response may play a role in the suppression of host feeding. Injection of wasp larvae culture media into non-parasitized caterpillars reduced feeding, suggesting that substances secreted by the wasp larvae may help alter host behaviour.

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“…One consequence of these behavioral changes is less energy expended in motivated behavior to acquire food, friends, and mates, and more energy available to the immune system. Although low motivation to eat may seem to work against the goal of providing energy to the immune system, the energetic costs of foraging may be more consequential during illness, food metabolism may compete with immune function [29], or some combination thereof. Therefore, it may be more efficient to rely on stored energy during illness.…”

Section: When Immunity Is a Priority: Sickness Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Resources, Stress, and Immunity: An Ecological Perspective on Human Psychoneuroimmunology

Segerstrom

2010

ann. behav. med.

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Ecological immunology provides a broad theoretical perspective on phenotypic plasticity in immunity, that is, changes related to the value of immunity across different situations, including stressful situations. Costs of a maximally efficient immune response may at times outweigh benefits, and some aspects of immunity may be adaptively suppressed. This review provides a basic overview of the tenets of ecological immunology and the energetic costs of immunity and relates them to the literature on stress and immunity. Sickness behavior preserves energy for use by the immune system, acute stress mobilizes "first-line" immune defenders while suppressing more costly responses, and chronic stress may suppress costly responses in order to conserve energy to counteract the resource loss associated with stress. Unexpected relationships between stress "buffers" and immune functions demonstrate phenotypic plasticity related to resource pursuit or preservation. In conclusion, ecological models may aid in understanding the relationship between stress and immunity.

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Illness-induced anorexia and its possible function in the caterpillar, Manduca sexta

Cited by 67 publications

References 60 publications

Infection by a symbiotic polydnavirus induces wasting and inhibits metamorphosis of the mothPseudoplusia includens

Infection by a symbiotic polydnavirus induces wasting and inhibits metamorphosis of the mothPseudoplusia includens

The parasitic wasp Cotesia congregata uses multiple mechanisms to control host (Manduca sexta) behaviour

Resources, Stress, and Immunity: An Ecological Perspective on Human Psychoneuroimmunology

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