“…RepresenDownloaded by [York University Libraries] at 20:28 04 January 2015 196-POWERS tative of these tier-1 investigations are the following: Bruner's (1989) analysis of the symbolic uses of the Berlin Wall, Chesebro's (1982) study of illness as a rhetorical act, Ekman and Friesen's (1969) classic analysis of the categories, origins, usage, and coding of nonverbal behaviors as relatively independent signs, Fry and Fry's (1986) semiotic model for the study of mass communication, Hankiss's (1980) analysis of the signs and symbols used by con artists to deceive their target, Hattenhauer's (1984) semiotic analysis of the rhetoric of architecture, Knapp, Hart, Friedrich and Shulman's (1973) investigation of the nonverbal signs used during leave-taking, Lurie's (1981) work on the semiotics of clothing, and Medhurst's (1982) analysis of the rhetorical uses of iconography in film. In each case, the authors apply some aspect of the various fundamental theories of semiotics toward understanding a particular message system.…”