Illicit sale of controlled drugs at community pharmacy/medical stores of Punjab, Pakistan: A road to demolition of public health

Bashir, Irfan; Ahmad, Mahmood; Jamshaid, Muhammad; Zaman, Muhammad

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07031

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Only 5% of the 200 pharmacies where the pharmaicst were physically present while the remaining 95% (n = 190) were run by unqualified individuals and were determined to be engaging in illegal sales activities. Customers were being given controlled medications without a prescription, which is a problem that must be addressed for effective policy making [88].…”

Section: Bashir Et Al(2021) -Pakistanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Roles of Community Pharmacist in Public Health: A Review on ASIA

G¹,

U.²,

N.³

et al. 2022

IJRPR

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This study's aim was to conduct a comprehensive review of previously published research publications related to the emerging roles of community pharmacists in public health in Asia. It aims to analyze the new roles that community pharmacists are being called upon to fill in Asian regions in public health with also a focus on maximizing the full capacity of pharmacist skills and development to public health, a continuing advocate, and first-line empowerment of providing pharmacy information queries. The written works of this study utilized a systematic search of existing literature, including articles reporting on the emerging roles of community pharmacists in public health, using the following databases: Cochrane, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed/Medline, and Research Gate. Hand searching relevant articles on the research topic were employed to help ensure the confinement of all necessary existing literature/articles. The intervention or services types are classified based on the following: smoking cessation services, weight management services, alcohol reduction services, chronic disease management, drug misuse prevention and management services, and immunization and vaccination services; each comprises different major processes aiming to improve an individual's health status providing ways upon validation that are crucial for the betterment of public healthcare. In accordance with the studies, community pharmacist-led public-health programs markedly strengthened the efficiency, steadfastness, and cost-effectiveness of the allocation of public health resources whilst still optimizing the health of clients and patients, specifically whenever it arrives at assessing prospective issues and individuals who seek specialized care. Notwithstanding such, community pharmacy operations still necessitate modification to satisfy the evolving demands of consumers of modern medications. Training must attempt to boost pharmacists' confidence in supplying these services if community pharmacies are to elevate the public health services they serve. A proactive approach to the delivery of public health care by confident, well-trained pharmacists should have a favorable impact on client attitudes and health.

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Section: Bashir Et Al(2021) -Pakistanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Roles of Community Pharmacist in Public Health: A Review on ASIA

G¹,

U.²,

N.³

et al. 2022

IJRPR

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“…6,7 Globally along with Asian countries drug abuse, drug misuse, drug dependence and drug addiction, including consumption of non-medical, legal, and illegal drugs is increased and became the most critical clinical issue which impact seriously on public health. 8 Around 70 million people were diagnosed with a drug use disorder throughout the world. 9 Irrational use of antibiotic due to prescription drug misuse leads to medication discrepancies like antibiotic resistance in the community.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Meta-Analysis on Misuse of Prescription/OTC Drugs: How Pharmacist Can Prevent and Manage Drug Abuse

G¹,

Chandana²

2023

Ind. J. Pharm. Edu. Res

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Background: Drug misuse is a critical issue related to both physical and psychological health associated with growing threats across the world. The role of pharmacist in preventing drug abuse is crucial to address prescription/OTC medication misuse. Aim and Objectives: To synthesize the research on misuse of prescription/OTC drugs, role of pharmacist in preventing and managing prescription/OTC medications induced health conditions and to provide methodological guidance for further research. Materials and Methods: Systematically searched epidemiological research on the topics relevant to the study through PubMed and EMBASE from 2017 to 2022 (n = 3022), studies are screened by title/abstract (n = 981) and full text articles are assessed (n = 153). The studies included for meta-analysis (n = 12) are selected by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. STATA Version 17.0 is used to analyse the data. Results: Out of 12 research articles, 6 were conducted on misuse of prescription/OTC medications and another 6 were about prevention and management of the drug abuse by pharmacist. The researchers analysed data through odds ratio, 95% CI at p-value of 0.001* by plotting forest plot. The overall effect size is found to be 1.96 (1.21, 2.71) with 95% CI that shows association between drugs misuse and pharmacist role in drug abuse. Publication bias and Heterogeneity are graphically represented through Funnel plot and Galbraith plot respectively. Conclusion: The researchers concluded that the drug misuse is the global burden and pharmacist can endeavour to offer the management and prevention of drug abuse.

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“…Although the updated statistics in Pakistan about the usage of prescription opioids is missing however, a 2018, reported drastic increase in the trend of prescribing tramadol in developing countries including Pakistan from 2004 to 2015 and highlights high physicians' preference to prescribe tramadol to treat chronic pain in Pakistan [10]. Opioids such as tramadol, codeine and nalbuphine remain freely available over the counter (OTC) in licenced pharmacies and medicine retail outlets without a prescription [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Logic model for opioid analgesics in chronic non-malignant pain management, an in-depth qualitative methods study

Iqbal

Knaggs

Anderson

et al. 2022

Preprint

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BackgroundOpioids are commonly used for the management of chronic non-malignant pain in Pakistan; but there is a lack of literature around precursors or motivators in the use of opioids.AimThis study holistically explored factors contributing towards the unsafe use of opioids and identifies strategies to overcome them.MethodThis study used exploratory qualitative methods using interviews, focus groups and non-participant observational case studies. Interviews and focus groups were carried out face to face as well as virtually whereas non-participant observations were conducted in community pharmacies in Islamabad and Khyber Pukhtoon Khuwa province, Pakistan. Data was collected from 4 stakeholder groups; pharmacy policy makers (n = 11), people with chronic non-malignant pain (n = 14), doctors (n = 31) and community pharmacists (n = 36) by purposive critical case sampling method. Data were inductively analysed using reflexive thematic analysis and then deductively mapped to a social ecological framework. Non-participant observations were analysed using a cross case synthesis using explanation building technique. Data from all 3 methods was triangulated to develop a logic model.ResultsIdentified factors at macro (regulation), meso (social perceptions of pain and opioids) and micro levels (uncontrolled pain, self-medication, health literacy) are presented holistically were used to develop a logic model for the prevention and mitigation of factors currently causing unsafe use of opioids.ConclusionsPolicymakers need to contextualise factors and carefully plan community pharmacy interventions within healthcare system to overcome challenges and barriers on various social ecological levels to promote optimised use of opioids in the management of chronic non-malignant pain in Pakistan.

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Illicit sale of controlled drugs at community pharmacy/medical stores of Punjab, Pakistan: A road to demolition of public health

Cited by 9 publications

References 11 publications

Emerging Roles of Community Pharmacist in Public Health: A Review on ASIA

Emerging Roles of Community Pharmacist in Public Health: A Review on ASIA

A Meta-Analysis on Misuse of Prescription/OTC Drugs: How Pharmacist Can Prevent and Manage Drug Abuse

Logic model for opioid analgesics in chronic non-malignant pain management, an in-depth qualitative methods study

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