“…' 18 See Cook and Iliopoulos (2000) and Cook and Chaddad (2004) for details. 19 Cook, Klein, and Chambers (2005) document the emergence of a cluster of new-generation cooperatives in Renville County, Minnesota.…”
Mechanisms for the formation and disappearance of the crack‐like pores generated during the early stage of Al foaming are investigated. A model for their disappearance process is proposed for the first time. The stress, perpendicular to the compaction direction in uniaxial cold compaction, is caused by the interaction of the Al powder under a high compaction pressure and is the main reason for the formation of the crack‐like pores. The results of the model analysis and theoretical calculations suggest that the pressure difference ΔP between the initial, round bubbles and the crack‐like pores is the driving force for their disappearance. The rapid reduction of ΔP is attributed to the decomposition characteristics of the TiH2 powder.
“…' 18 See Cook and Iliopoulos (2000) and Cook and Chaddad (2004) for details. 19 Cook, Klein, and Chambers (2005) document the emergence of a cluster of new-generation cooperatives in Renville County, Minnesota.…”
Mechanisms for the formation and disappearance of the crack‐like pores generated during the early stage of Al foaming are investigated. A model for their disappearance process is proposed for the first time. The stress, perpendicular to the compaction direction in uniaxial cold compaction, is caused by the interaction of the Al powder under a high compaction pressure and is the main reason for the formation of the crack‐like pores. The results of the model analysis and theoretical calculations suggest that the pressure difference ΔP between the initial, round bubbles and the crack‐like pores is the driving force for their disappearance. The rapid reduction of ΔP is attributed to the decomposition characteristics of the TiH2 powder.
“…The wide geographical operating areas mean that members work under quite diverse conditions, and so the conflicting interests may foster indifference. As the management thus gets few, unclear and conflicting signals from the membership there is a risk that neither the board of directors nor the CEO (Chief Executive Officer) can interpret what the members want them to do (Cook & Iliopoulos, 2000;Hendrikse, 2007).…”
Section: Members' Participation In the Governance Of Cooperativesmentioning
This study explores to which extent the members' assessment of their cooperatives' degree of success are related to various member attributes, with special reference to the members' perception of their participation in the governance of the cooperatives. Three categories of member attributes are identified: Satisfaction with the profitability of farm operations, Age, and Experience from board work. The cooperatives' degree of success is measured as members' commitment towards cooperatives, and members' trust in the board of directors.The data originates from a mail survey among Swedish farmers. A total of 2,250 farmers received a questionnaire. The response rate was 52%.The results indicate differences in members' cooperative commitment and their trust towards directors to be due to farm operations profitability, age and experience as directors. After adding members' perception of their participation in the governance as a covariate, most of the other differences are explained by this variable. Age is still to some extent associated with trust towards directors, as older farmers have less trust in directors.
“…Likewise, economic variables show a similar trend to SWAP along a north-south axis across Europe, for which a number of explanations may exist. Therefore, we need to assess the true relationship between SWAP and yields, that is, the pseudo-isolated effect of SWAP (Cook 1998;Morrison 2000), controlled for important climate and economic variables.…”
Section: Deriving the Swap-yield Relationshipmentioning
Soil erosion negatively affects crop yields and may have contributed to the collapse of ancient civilizations. Whether erosion may have such an impact on modern societies as well, is subject to debate. In this paper we quantify the relationship between crop yields and soil water available to plants, the most important yield-determining factor affected by erosion, at the European scale. Using information on the spatial distribution of erosion rates we calculate the potential threat of erosion-induced productivity losses. We show that future reductions in productivity in Europe as a whole are relatively small and do not pose a substantial threat to crop production within the coming century. However, within Europe there is considerable variability, and although productivity in northern Europe is not likely to be significantly reduced by soil erosion, for the southern countries the threat of erosion-induced productivity declines is stronger.
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