IL-3 and GM-CSF modulate functions of splenic macrophages in ENU induced leukemia

Singha, Ashish Kumar; Bhattacharjee, Bhaskar; Saha, Bhaskar; Maiti, Debasish

doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2016.12.009

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Furthermore, mice challenged with ENU injection by Bhattacharjee et al [34] were reported to develop leukaemia five months post injection; the leukaemia was confirmed by the appearance of numerous blast cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow smears; and a significant increase in total leukocyte counts in the ENU challenged group compared to the control was observed [34]. The results reported by Singha et al [35] were also in agreement with those of this study, where there were numerous blast cells in the peripheral blood smears from ENU-treated mice compared to the control group, suggesting active leukaemic condition in the former group of mice [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…ENU is considered a potent carcinogenic agent [29,30] that can induce several cancers in animal models, including brain tumours, reproductive tumours, leukaemia and others [31]. The chemical has previously been successfully used to induce leukaemia in mouse models [32][33][34][35]. The process of blood cell formation from single stem/progenitor cells is constantly under continuous stimulation of various factors secreted from its surrounding accessory cells [8].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A total of 14 3-week-old male ICR-mice were acclimatized for 1 week and grouped into 2 groups, A and B, with 7 mice each. Group A served as control and was given normal saline, while group B was given IP injection of 80 mg/kg twice with a one-week interval [35].…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eighty (80) mg/kg bodyweight of the dissolved powder was injected to each of the mice in the treatment group via intraperitoneal route using an insulin syringe with a 26-gauge needle. The mice were injected twice with the same dose at one-week interval [35]. The mice were closely monitored for any signs of toxicity and/or mortality.…”

Section: N-ethyl-n-nitrosourea (Enu) Preparation and Administrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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N-Ethyl-n-Nitrosourea Induced Leukaemia in a Mouse Model through Upregulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Evading Apoptosis

Aliyu

Shaari

Sayuti

et al. 2020

Cancers

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Chemical carcinogens are commonly used to investigate the biology and prognoses of various cancers. This study investigated the mechanism of leukaemogenic effects of n-ethyln-nitrosourea (ENU) in a mouse model. A total of 14 3-week-old male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR)-mice were used for the study. The mice were divided into groups A and B with seven mice each. Group A served as the control while group B received intraperitoneal (IP) injections of 80 mg/kg ENU twice with a one-week interval and were monitored monthly for 3 months for the development of leukaemia via blood smear examination. The mice were sacrificed humanely using a CO 2 chamber. Blood, spleen, lymph nodes, liver, kidney and lung samples were collected for blood smear examination and histopathological evaluation. The expression of angiogenic protein (VEGF), and pro and anti-apoptotic proteins (BCL2 and BAX), was detected and quantified using Western blot technique. Leukaemia was confirmed by the presence of numerous blast cells in the peripheral blood smear in group B. Similarly, the VEGF and BCL2 proteins were significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated in group B compared to A. It is concluded that IP administration of 80 mg/kg ENU induced leukaemia in ICR-mice 12 weeks post administration through upregulation of angiogenic and anti-apoptotic proteins: VEGF and BCL2.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: N-ethyl-n-nitrosourea (Enu) Preparation and Administrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

N-Ethyl-n-Nitrosourea Induced Leukaemia in a Mouse Model through Upregulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Evading Apoptosis

Aliyu

Shaari

Sayuti

et al. 2020

Cancers

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show abstract

“…Subsequently, [13] studied the effect of IP injection of ENU on older mice. Three weeks old BALB/c mice were administered 80 mg/kg ENU IP twice at a one-week interval.…”

Section: Leukaemia Induced By N-ethyl-n-nitrosourea (Enu)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Chemical Carcinogens for Leukaemia Induction and Their Animal Models

Aliyu

Shaari

Mustapha

et al. 2019

ARRB

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Animal models have been providing invaluable contributions to the better understanding of mechanisms of cancer (including leukaemias) development and effectiveness of most of the treatments. Chemical carcinogens are generally used to study the biology of cancers including leukaemias in many animal models, including rats and mice. The studies in most cases are aimed at the development and evaluation of cancer treatments and preventions. Some of the most common chemical carcinogens used in animal models for leukaemias include N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), dimethyl benz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). This review provides highlights on different animal models of leukaemia induced by the chemical carcinogens mentioned earlier, at the same time discussing the contributions of these models to the leukaemia diagnosis in laboratory animal models for subsequent development of treatment.

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A review of the mutagenic potential of N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea (ENU) to induce hematological malignancies

Nath

Maiti

2022

J Biochem & Molecular Tox

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This review is intended to summarize the existing literature on the mutagenicity of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) in inducing hematological malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in mice. Blood or hematological malignancies are the most common malignant disorders seen in people of all age groups. Driven by a number of genetic alterations, leukemia rule out the normal proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their progenitors in the bone marrow (BM) and severely affects blood functions. Out of all hematological malignancies, AML is the most aggressive type, with a high incidence and mortality rate. AML is found as either de novo or secondary therapeutic AML (t-AML). t-AML is a serious adverse consequence of alkylator chemotherapy to the cancer patient and alone constitutes about 10%−20% of all reported AML cases. Cancer patients who received alkylator chemotherapy are at an elevated risk of developing t-AML. ENU has a long history of use as a potent carcinogen that induces blood malignancies in mice and rats that are pathologically similar to human AML and t-AML. ENU, once entered into the body, circulates all over the body tissues and reaches BM. It creates an overall state of suppression within the BM by damaging the marrow cells, alkylating the DNA, and forming DNA adducts within the early and late hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The BM holds a weak DNA repair mechanism due to low alkyltransferase, and poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase (PARP) enzyme content often fails to obliterate those adducts, acting as a catalyst to bring genetic abnormalities, including point gene mutations as well as chromosomal alterations, for example, translocation and inversion. Taking advantage of ENU-induced immune-suppressed state and weak immune surveillance, these mutations remain viable and slowly give rise to transformed HSCs. This review also highlights the carcinogenic nature of ENU and the complex relation between the ENU's overall toxicity in the induction of hematological malignancies.

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IL-3 and GM-CSF modulate functions of splenic macrophages in ENU induced leukemia

Cited by 8 publications

References 34 publications

N-Ethyl-n-Nitrosourea Induced Leukaemia in a Mouse Model through Upregulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Evading Apoptosis

N-Ethyl-n-Nitrosourea Induced Leukaemia in a Mouse Model through Upregulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Evading Apoptosis

Some Chemical Carcinogens for Leukaemia Induction and Their Animal Models

A review of the mutagenic potential of N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea (ENU) to induce hematological malignancies

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