IL-1β and TSH disturb thyroid epithelium integrity in autoimmune thyroid diseases

Estrogen decreases tight junction protein ZO-1 expression in human primary gut tissues

“…Mutations in genes encoding tight junction proteins have been linked to a range of human diseases [23, 31–33, 42]. In addition, studies examined the impact of estrogen on vascular permeability in mammals suggest that 17β-estradiol has an effect on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) through ER-α and ER-β, resulting in the increased permeability of blood vessels and tumor metastasis [43–45].…”

“…A study has showed that altered expression of claudin lead to discontinuous tight junctions and barrier dysfunction in active Crohn’s disease [31]. Specifically, in some female-preponderant autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren’s syndrome and autoimmune thyroid diseases, disrupted tight junction integrity is an important contributor to the dysfunction of immune system [32, 33]. …”

Expression Profiling of a Human Thyroid Cell Line Stably Expressing the BRAFV600E Mutation

“…In vitro analysis of melanocytes and melanoma cell lines showed that BRAF V600E increases, while BRAF V600E inhibition reduces, the transcription of IL-1α and IL-1β (25,26). In human thyrocytes, IL-1β alters the expression and localization of junction proteins (27). IL-1β induces the activation of cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB) through ERK1/2 signaling, and this mechanism was associated with poor prognosis in gastric carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and breast cancer patients in previous reports (28)(29)(30).…”

Tight junction defects are seen in the buccal mucosa of patients receiving standard dose chemotherapy for cancer

“…Modification of tight junction proteins, particularly post-translationally, is a welldocumented phenomenon and forms the basis of many inflammatory pathologies [18][19][20]. In the setting of both oral and GI mucositis, the interaction between proinflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tight junctions is compelling given the strong inflammatory component of mucositis [21] and documented changes in MMP profiles [22].…”