İki Kronik İmmobilizasyon Stres Protokolünün Erkek Sıçanlarda Depresyon/Anksiyete Benzeri Davranışlar Üzerine Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Şahin, Zafer; Özkürkçüler, Alpaslan; Koç, Aynur; Solak, Hatice; Koca, Raviye Özen; Çakan, Pınar; Görmüş, Zülfikare İşık Solak

doi:10.31067/0.2019.186

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…Immobilization stress is achieved by either placing animals into rodent immobilization bags (often Decapicones) [31][32][33] or attaching the animal's limbs and head in a prone position to wooden boards 34,35 . Currently, restraint and immobilization protocols are not clearly differentiated and the two terms are often used interchangeably 36 . While restraint and immobilization are similar in that they are stressors driven by the limitation of motion, it is important to make the distinction between the two as restraint does not prevent, but only restricts, movement of the rodent's limbs, body, and head.…”

Section: Restraint/immobilization Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rodent models of post-traumatic stress disorder: behavioral assessment

2020

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Although the etiology and expression of psychiatric disorders are complex, mammals show biologically preserved behavioral and neurobiological responses to valent stimuli which underlie the use of rodent models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a complex phenotype that is difficult to model in rodents because it is diagnosed by patient interview and influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. However, given that PTSD results from traumatic experiences, rodent models can simulate stress induction and disorder development. By manipulating stress type, intensity, duration, and frequency, preclinical models reflect core PTSD phenotypes, measured through various behavioral assays. Paradigms precipitate the disorder by applying physical, social, and psychological stressors individually or in combination. This review discusses the methods used to trigger and evaluate PTSD-like phenotypes. It highlights studies employing each stress model and evaluates their translational efficacies against DSM-5, validity criteria, and criteria proposed by Yehuda and Antelman's commentary in 1993. This is intended to aid in paradigm selection by informing readers about rodent models, their benefits to the clinical community, challenges associated with the translational models, and opportunities for future work. To inform PTSD model validity and relevance to human psychopathology, we propose that models incorporate behavioral test batteries, individual differences, sex differences, strain and stock differences, early life stress effects, biomarkers, stringent success criteria for drug development, Research Domain Criteria, technological advances, and cross-species comparisons. We conclude that, despite the challenges, animal studies will be pivotal to advances in understanding PTSD and the neurobiology of stress. Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an incapacitating chronic disorder. With a 3.9% lifetime prevalence rate worldwide and a 6.4-7.8% rate in the USA, PTSD's health burden is substantial 1-5. Based on the World Mental Health Surveys, 69.7% worldwide (82.7% in the USA) reported exposure to a traumatic experience. While trauma exposure is a required criterion for PTSD diagnosis, only 5.6% worldwide (8.3% in the USA) of those who experienced trauma developed the disorder 1. This is due to numerous factors, including trauma type, variation in trauma response, social support, and endogenous factors of individuals. For adults, adolescents, and children older than six years, eight diagnostic criteria, defined in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), specify measures concerning the victim's perception of trauma and symptoms. For children six years and younger, Criteria C and D (described below) are combined, making for seven diagnostic criteria 6. Criterion A: Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence; one or more ways (e.g., direct experience, witnessing others, learning of close family member's or friend's trauma...

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