und Haufigkeit der Augenveranderungen bei Patienten mit Brillenwunsch. K1 Mbl. Augenheilk 1969; 155: 744-750. 263-266. 4 Shields T, Sloane PD. A comparison of eye problems in primary care and ophthalmology practices. Family Med 1991; 23: 544-546. tism in 72 twin pairs. Cornea 1989: 8: 5 Teikari JM, O'Donnell JJ. Astigma-The refraction changes in 3 10 children with astigmatism I I .o D in at least one eye at one year of age were followed during a period of three years. At age four years amblyopia was found in 23 children (7%). The refraction data of these children were compared to the rest of the sample. We found that an increasing astigmatism during the test period was associated with an increased risk to develop amblyopia. The majority of children (n= 280) showed a decrease of their astigmatism, whereas all cases with a marked amblyopia (VA<0.5) or binocular amblyopia, except one, had an increasing or unchanged astigmatism during the age period one to four years. Strabismus and oblique astigmatism at any time during the test period was also strongly related to amblyopia. The incidence of strabismus ( I %) was unexpectedly low. The study also showed that independent of age there was no simple relationship between amblyopia and refraction errors measured at a single test session. The main conclusion of this study is that failure of emmetropization may play an important role in visual development.