III. Definition of adverse reactions to food

Ethanol metabolite acetic acid as causative agent for type‐I hypersensitivity‐like reactions to alcohohc beverages

“…Adverse reactions to food are common and can be classified into toxic and non-toxic reactions; the latter are further divided based on their pathogenetic mechanism into immune-mediated and non-immune-mediated reactions [4]. Among non-toxic reactions to food, those caused by alcoholic beverages more often fall into the category of non-immune-mediated intolerance rather than true food allergy; the latter can be of type I as well as type IV [1].…”

Interleukin‐5 immunoreactivity and mRNA expression in gut mucosa from patients with food allergy

“…The intestine is the largest immune organ in the body receiving stimuli mainly from bacteria and ingested food. Adverse reactions to food are usually divided into toxic and nontoxic food reactions which can involve immunological mechanisms [ 1]. According to the American Academy of Allergy and Immunology [ 2], the term food allergy implies an abnormal immune reaction to food primarily mediated by IgE and cells having functional interactions with this isotype [ 3].…”

Oral Allergy Syndrome (OAS). General and stomatological aspects

“…Extra-oral affectation is generally on the face and neck with hives, atopic dermatitis, itching of the ears and a runny nose, oral itching, tearing, periorbital oedema, retractions without respiratory obstruction and sneezing (2). On certain occasions there may be systematic clinical symptoms like: Nauseas, vomiting, stomach aches and diarrhoea, general eczema, asthma, hives, laryngeal oedema or even in isolated cases, anaphylactic shock (10,17,18). OAS may occur during any part of the year, but is often worsened during the season of the pollen instigating it.…”