II. On the ascent of sap

Dixon, Henry H.; Joly, J. Swift

doi:10.1098/rspl.1894.0126

Cited by 28 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Tension driven sap transport in plants is powered by evapotranspiration (Dixon and Joly, 1894). This requires that the sap within xylem conduits remain continuous in order to use the cohesive properties of water that allow upward transport against the opposing forces of gravity and hydraulic resistance (Pickard, 1981).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional analysis of embolism induced by air injection in Acer rubrum and Salix nigra

Melcher¹,

Zwieniecki²

2013

Front. Plant Sci.

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The goal of this study was to assess the effect of induced embolism with air injection treatments on the function of xylem in Acer rubrum L. and Salix nigra Marsh. Measurements made on mature trees of A. rubrum showed that pneumatic pressurization treatments that created a pressure gradient of 5.5 MPa across pit membranes (ΔPpit) had no effect on stomatal conductance or on branch-level sap flow. The same air injection treatments made on 3-year-old potted A. rubrum plants also had no effect on whole plant transpiration. A separate study made on mature A. rubrum trees showed that 3.0 and 5.5 MPa of ΔPpit values resulted in an immediate 100% loss in hydraulic conductance (PLC) in petioles. However, the observed change in PLC was short lived, and significant hydraulic recovery occurred within 5–10 min post air-pressurization treatments. Similar experiments conducted on S. nigra plants exposed to ΔPpit of 3 MPa resulted in a rapid decline in whole plant transpiration followed by leaf wilting and eventual plant death, showing that this species lacks the ability to recover from induced embolism. A survey that measured the effect of air-pressurization treatments on seven other species showed that some species are very sensitive to induction of embolism resulting in leaf wilting and branch death while others show minimal to no effect despite that in each case, the applied ΔPpit of 5.5 MPa significantly exceeded any native stress that these plants would experience naturally.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional analysis of embolism induced by air injection in Acer rubrum and Salix nigra

Melcher¹,

Zwieniecki²

2013

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…The cohesiontension theory proposed by Dixon and Joly in 1895 is currently the most widely accepted explanation, which claimed that transpiration is responsible for the pressure difference in the xylem and water continuum is maintained by cohesive force among molecules. 140 According to the cohesion-tension theory, water evaporation at stomata on leaves forms menisci of air−water interfaces in hydrophilic xylem tubes. The menisci are anchored by capillary forces comprising the surface tension of water and water adhesion to the hydrophilic cell walls.…”

Section: Transport Mechanisms In Vascularmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing Flow and Transport in Biological Vascular Systems: A Review from Physiological and Chemical Engineering Perspectives

Chen,

Zhu,

Luo

2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The investigation of biological fluidic mechanisms is a persistent topic of interest and offers valuable inspiration to address the challenges confronting chemical engineering, particularly with respect to the obligations of sustainability. Accordingly, given the advancements of multidisciplinary integration and digital transformation, the methodologies in chemical engineering represent potent instruments for characterizing the flow and transport features of biological vascular systems. In this Review, a qualitative explication of common tubular structures and their corresponding biofluid patterns in both vascular plants and humans is provided, grounded in a physiological perspective. Theoretical and numerical models, such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD), in engineering are introduced as effective and efficient prediction and analysis tools for quantitatively characterizing biofluid transport mechanisms, including fluid−structure interactions. Furthermore, typical pathologies resulting from multiphase biofluid dysfunction in vascular organisms are analyzed with physiological and chemical engineering methodologies. The integrated perspective provides an opportunity to extend the fundamental understanding of biological processes and in turn promotes the nature-inspired transformative advancements in the field of chemical engineering.

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“…Plant hydraulics—the variable characteristics of roots, xylem and stomata as water conduits within the soil‐plant‐atmosphere system—provides a useful framework for understanding and predicting plant‐water interactions under varying environmental conditions (Sperry & Love, 2015). Plant hydraulic theory describes the movement of water as flow under tension through xylem, driven by gradients in water potential from root to leaf (Dixon & Joly, 1894). As water potentials in xylem become more negative, metastable water within the xylem may form air bubbles (emboli) that can lead to cavitation in the hydraulic pathway.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring within‐plant hydraulic trait variation: A test of the vulnerability segmentation hypothesis

Wilkening

Skelton

Feng

et al. 2023

Plant Cell & Environment

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Observations show vulnerability segmentation between stems and leaves is highly variable within and between environments. While a number of species exhibit conventional vulnerability segmentation (stem P 50 < ${P}_{50}\lt $ leaf P 50 ${P}_{50}$), others exhibit no vulnerability segmentation and others reverse vulnerability segmentation (stem P 50 > ${P}_{50}\gt $ leaf P 50 ${P}_{50}$). We developed a hydraulic model to test hypotheses about vulnerability segmentation and how it interacts with other traits to impact plant conductance. We do this using a series of experiments across a broad parameter space and with a case study of two species with contrasting vulnerability segmentation patterns: Quercus douglasii and Populus trichocarpa. We found that while conventional vulnerability segmentation helps to preserve conductance in stem tissues, reverse vulnerability segmentation can better maintain conductance across the combined stem‐leaf hydraulic pathway, particularly when plants have more vulnerable P 50 ${P}_{50}$s and have hydraulic segmentation with greater resistance in the leaves. These findings show that the impacts of vulnerability segmentation are dependent upon other plant traits, notably hydraulic segmentation, a finding that could assist in the interpretation of variable observations of vulnerability segmentation. Further study is needed to examine how vulnerability segmentation impacts transpiration rates and recovery from water stress.

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II. On the ascent of sap

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Functional analysis of embolism induced by air injection in Acer rubrum and Salix nigra

Functional analysis of embolism induced by air injection in Acer rubrum and Salix nigra

Characterizing Flow and Transport in Biological Vascular Systems: A Review from Physiological and Chemical Engineering Perspectives

Exploring within‐plant hydraulic trait variation: A test of the vulnerability segmentation hypothesis

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