Ignition Sources

Babrauskas, Vytenis; Krause, Ulrich

doi:10.1002/9783527623822.ch2

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…, TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) generates ∼4.2 kJ g –1 during explosion. 33 Thus, on a gram for gram basis, the endothermic chemical reactions associated with the collapse of this MOF are comparable in magnitude to the exothermicity of a typical explosive. In both cases, the release or absorption of energy is essentially irreversible.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Bond breakage under pressure in a metal organic framework

Miao

Zhang

et al. 2017

Chem. Sci.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Bond breakage under pressure in a metal organic framework

Miao

Zhang

et al. 2017

Chem. Sci.

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“…The ISO 5660 cone calorimeter was exploited to test the ignition time, HRRI, and mass variation of the NC with different structures. The oxygen consumption calorimetry technique [ 24 ] was employed in this work. From ISO 5660-1 [ 25 ], the HRR is calculated as follows:

where E is the heat of combustion per unit mass of oxygen consumed,

is the oxygen consumption factor defined in Equation (2),

is the mass-flow rate in the exhaust duct defined in Equation (3), C is the orifice plate calibration constant,

is the orifice meter pressure differential,

is the absolute temperature of the gas at the orifice meter,

is the initial concentration of species A , and

is the output data of gas analyzers.…”

Section: Experimental Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study on the Fire Properties of Nitrocellulose with Different Structures

Wei

Liu

et al. 2017

Materials

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In order to ensure the safety of inflammable and explosive chemical substance such as nitrocellulose (NC) mixtures in the process of handing, storage, and usage, it is necessary to obtain the fire properties of NC with different exterior structures. In present study, fire properties of two commonly used nitrocelluloses with soft fiber structure and white chip structure were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the ISO 5660 cone calorimeter. Experimental findings revealed that the most important fire properties such as ignition time, mass loss rate and ash content exhibited significant differences between the two structures of NC. Compared with the soft fiber NC, chip NC possesses a lower fire hazard, and its heat release rate intensity (HRRI) is mainly affected by the sample mass. In addition, oxygen consumption (OC) calorimetry method was compared with thermal chemistry (TC) method based on stoichiometry for HRRI calculation. HRRI results of NC with two structures obtained by these two methods showed a good consistency.

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“…There is too much error in the heat of combustion (HOC) for standard reference homogeneous materials that do not char. While the stoichiometric net HOC is in relatively close agreement between well-known sources (Babrauskas, 5 Tewarson), 6 the chemical HOC (the HOC due to incomplete combustion) and convective HOC (the HOC to raise the entrained ambient air temperature to the fire exhaust temperature) are basically a single-source tabulation (Tewarson), 6 which for some materials, including a few reference materials, will need to be modified as explained in this article. From here on, we will use “flaming HOC” instead of “chemical HOC” or “effective HOC” to reflect the importance of the diffusion flame in affecting incomplete combustion and to distinguish the HRR methodology proposed here.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The fuel empirical formula for the reference materials (methane, propane, ethylene, methanol, ethylene glycol, PMMA, and PS) is provided in Table 2 along with the values for HOCs defined with equation (10) and compared with tabulated values (Babrauskas et al). 5 Indeed, Lonnermark and Babrauskas 4 listed several fuels in common with those in Table 2, which included methanol and propane. Comparing the coefficient values of equation (14), we note they are within 0.1% and 0.5% for CO 2 , 1% and 2% for CO, and 1.4% and 3% for C (soot), respectively, of each other.…”

Section: Flaming Hoc and Hrr For Reference Materials In Mlcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The appendices of ASTM E1354, Babrauskas 5 (1992), and Janssens and colleagues 20,21 (1995) provide the formulae and method to calculate the various mass flow rates when gas measurements are provided for oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and carbon monoxide. The “chemical” HOC in Table 1 is the FPA net HRR integrated with time as divided by the fuel mass loss, which they list for the six reference fuels in the SFPE Handbook.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improvement of heat release methodologies using mass loss calorimeter and oxygen consumption hood to assess flammability of wood plastic composites

Dietenberger,

Boardman,

Stark

2023

Journal of Fire Sciences

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The mass loss calorimeter provides a robust method for evaluating flammability of very sooty materials such as wood plastic composites as a lower cost and rugged alternative to the reliable and effective cone calorimeter. The high amounts of smoke and carbon monoxide associated with these materials resulted in a much-reduced heat release rate, resulting in incomplete combustion of the diffusion flame, which required modifications to the standards in measuring heat release rate via oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production or thermopiles. In addition to liquid fuels of ethylene glycol and methanol, the solids polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate were used as calibration materials for the mass loss calorimeter and the instrumented heat release rate hood. Because of concerns about the flue gas thermopile methodology for heat release rate measurements, a second thermopile was attached to the exterior of the metal pipe chimney typically used for heat release rate calculations in the mass loss calorimeter. A heat balance analysis indicated that this is an effective design compared with alternative designs. Estimates of flaming heat release rate are reported using both signals from the thermopiles for calculation of heat release rates and confirmed with the updated oxygen consumption analysis under an instrumented hood. This special fire test arrangement was used to assess the flammability of four different wood plastic composites, some with fire-retardant treatments, such as ammonium polyphosphate and brominated, all of which tended to have high smoke production leading to high-radiant energy losses. The reduction of heat release rate with 10% by content of fire-retardant treatment was confirmed by both heat release rate measures. The average heat release rate decreased 19% to 39% when fire retardants were added, relative to this wood flour–polyethylene composite.

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Ignition Sources

Cited by 3 publications

References 17 publications

Bond breakage under pressure in a metal organic framework

Bond breakage under pressure in a metal organic framework

Experimental Study on the Fire Properties of Nitrocellulose with Different Structures

Improvement of heat release methodologies using mass loss calorimeter and oxygen consumption hood to assess flammability of wood plastic composites

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