Ignition of cellulosic materials by radiation

Simms, D.L.

doi:10.1016/s0010-2180(60)80042-9

Cited by 73 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…It is certain, from this graphical presentation, that an increase of air flow in the range of (1.5-4.5) l min À1 leads to considerably longer ignition delay times, due to the increased sample cooling, as well as to the decreased concentration of fuel vapors in the boundary layer. The above findings are consistent with those reported by other authors [18,19]. Fig.…”

Section: The Effect Of Air Flow Around the Specimensupporting

confidence: 94%

“…In contrast, other researchers obtained longer ignition times for smaller samples. They attributed this to the fact that for small samples the fuel vapors, emerging through the surface of solid fuel, are of relatively low concentration, insufficient to promote ignition [18]. By plotting fire point values versus sample size (Fig.…”

Section: The Influence Of Sample Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of (NH4)2HPO4 and (NH4)2SO4 on the spontaneous ignition properties of Pinus halepensis pine needles

Liodakis

Bakirtzis

Lois

et al. 2002

Fire Safety Journal

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The spontaneous ignitability of Pinus halepensis pine needles was evaluated. Fire points and times taken for irradiated fuels to be ignited were correlated, at given heat intensity, to the airflow around the specimen and the sample size. The tests showed that increase of the airflow rate above 1.5 l min À1 increased considerably the fire point values and ignition delay times. On the contrary, the sample size in the range investigated (0.2-1.0 g) showed a negligible effect on the ignition properties. The influence of fire chemical retardants (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 (DAP) and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (AS) on the ignitability characteristics was studied under various concentration levels. The data in this study showed that the presence of DAP and AS increases the fire point, as well as the time required for ignition, and this effect is pronounced at high concentration levels. However, at lower temperatures, i.e. below 5001C, flaming combustion appears sensitive to the AS quantity applied, whereas at high temperatures (i.e. above 6001C) the DAP concentration had a major influence on its flammability behavior. In addition the time of combustion was slightly extended, therefore, the energy release rate was reduced in the presence of fire retardants, particularly of AS. The purpose of this study was to quantify the fire extinguishing capabilities of (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , commonly used chemicals in forest fires, by comparing the ignition properties of samples, prior and after retardant loading. r

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Section: The Effect Of Air Flow Around the Specimensupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: The Influence Of Sample Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of (NH4)2HPO4 and (NH4)2SO4 on the spontaneous ignition properties of Pinus halepensis pine needles

Liodakis

Bakirtzis

Lois

et al. 2002

Fire Safety Journal

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“…This was evidently a gas-phase effect, but even today there is no systematic knowledge on gas-phase ignition effects. In another study [68], Simms concluded that the quantitative effect of the rather small exposure size of 8 mm is nearly negligible, so presumably the enormous min q & ′ ′ values in the 1961 study were mainly due to insufficiently long test time. Moran [15] examined the ignition of vertical panels of 6.4 mm thick ponderosa pine using an electric radiant panel and found min q & ′ ′ = 25 kW m -2 .…”

Section: Experimental Results On Autoignitionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Ignition of Wood: A Review of the State of the Art

Babrauskas¹

2002

Journal of Fire Protection Engineering

219

164

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IGNITION TEMPERATUREThe concept that combustible substances ignite when a given surface temperature is first attained is an empirical notion-in many cases, this is found to be true enough, so that even though not exactly true, the concept has utility and merit. It has also found significant application to theoretical modeling-closed-form theories for radiant ignition, for example, generally assume that ignition corresponds to a known, constant surface temperature T ig . Thus, the starting point for investigating the ignition of wood must be to examine experimental data on its ignition temperature. As can be seen in Table 1, studies on this question go back well into the 19 th century and have continued until the present time. The spread of data is clearly enormous. It might first be noted that even the term 'ignition temperature' tends to mean two different things: (1) the temperature of the surface at the time of ignition; or (2) the minimum temperature of a furnace sufficient for a specimen put therein to ignite. The latter notion might seem to be old and non-rigorous, but it must be remembered that: (a) the common test for ignition temperature is the Setchkin furnace, ASTM D 1929 [1], which is based on the latter definition; and (b) the user often needs to know the highest environment temperature to which he can subject a material without it igniting and he may be less interested in actual temperatures at the specimen. Excluding one value, the results in

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“…It is found in Fig. 11 that the top surface temperatures increase at different rate as the thermal conductivities of species vary [39,40]. For example, the top surface temperature is 290°C for oak, 330°C for aspens and birch, and 390°C for pine at the time of 300 s. The degree of thermal decomposition of the samples is very different as a result of variation of heat conduction inside the samples, which is shown by the mass loss curves for the solid phase in Fig.…”

Section: Furnace Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Kinetic study on thermal decomposition of woods in oxidative environment

Shen

Luo

et al. 2009

Fuel

254

137

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a b s t r a c tThe purpose of this work is to gain knowledge on kinetics of biomass decomposition under oxidative atmospheres, mainly examining effect of heating rate on different biomass species. Two sets of experiments are carried out: the first set of experiments is thermal decomposition of four different wood particles, namely aspens, birch, oak and pine under an oxidative atmosphere and analysis with TGA; and the second set is to use large size samples of wood under different heat fluxes in a purpose-built furnace, where the temperature distribution, mass loss and ignition characteristics are recorded and analyzed by a data post-processing system. The experimental data is then used to develop a two-step reactions kinetic scheme with low and high temperature regions while the activation energy for the reactions of the species under different heating rates is calculated. It is found that the activation energy of the second stage reaction for the species with similar constituent fractions tends to converge to a similar value under the high heating rate.

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Ignition of cellulosic materials by radiation

Cited by 73 publications

References 2 publications

The effect of (NH4)2HPO4 and (NH4)2SO4 on the spontaneous ignition properties of Pinus halepensis pine needles

The effect of (NH4)2HPO4 and (NH4)2SO4 on the spontaneous ignition properties of Pinus halepensis pine needles

Ignition of Wood: A Review of the State of the Art

Kinetic study on thermal decomposition of woods in oxidative environment

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