SummaryAlpha-carba-GalCer (RCAI-56), a novel synthetic analogue of agalactosylceramide (a-GalCer), stimulates invariant natural killer T (NK T) cells to produce interferon (IFN)-g. IFN-g exhibits immunoregulatory properties in autoimmune diseases by suppressing T helper (Th)-17 cell differentiation and inducing regulatory T cells and apoptosis of autoreactive T cells. Here, we investigated the protective effects of a-carba-GalCer on collageninduced arthritis (CIA) in mice. First, we confirmed that a-carba-GalCer selectively induced IFN-g in CIA-susceptible DBA/1 mice in vivo. Then, DBA/1 mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen (CII) and a-carbaGalCer. The incidence and clinical score of CIA were significantly lower in a-carba-GalCer-treated mice. Anti-IFN-g antibodies abolished the beneficial effects of a-carba-GalCer, suggesting that a-carba-GalCer ameliorated CIA in an IFN-g-dependent manner. Treatment with a-carba-GalCer reduced anti- Th17 ratio). Moreover, the gene expression levels of IL-6 and IL-23p19, Th17-related cytokines, were reduced significantly in mice treated with a-carba-GalCer. In addition, we observed higher IFN-g production by NK T cells in a-carba-GalCer-treated mice in the initial phase of CIA. These findings indicate that a-carba-GalCer polarizes the T cell response toward Th1 and suppresses Th17 differentiation or activation, suggesting that a-carbaGalCer, a novel NK T cell ligand, can potentially provide protection against Th17-mediated autoimmune arthritis by enhancing the Th1 response.
CII antibody production [immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgG2a] and CIIreactive interleukin (IL)-17 production by draining lymph node (DLN) cells, did not induce apoptosis or regulatory T cells, and significantly increased the ratio of the percentage of IFN-g-producing T cells to IL-17-producing T cells (Th1/