If You're Happy and You Know It: Positive Moods Reduce Age‐Related Differences in False Memory

Zhang, Weiwei; Gross, Julien; Hayne, Harlene

doi:10.1111/cdev.12890

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…When this mechanism is taken into account in studies examining PTSD, depression, and false memories, we suggest that individuals with either PTSD or depression rapidly and automatically activate associations when they are confronted with pathology-related emotional experiences. The consequence of this automatic activation is that false memories for emotional material are more likely to be generated (also see Zhang et al, in press ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, whereas AAT can account for the fact that both semantically and phonologically related items can increase false memory rates, FTT cannot (see Finley, Sungkhasettee, Roediger, & Balota, 2017 ). Third, and something that is critical to what we are discussing in the current article, recent evidence has demonstrated that mood-congruent false memories are better explained by AAT than FTT particularly for moods that lead to increased automatic processing of information ( Zhang, Gross, & Hayne, in press ).…”

Section: Associative Activationmentioning

confidence: 95%

See 1 more Smart Citation

What Drives False Memories in Psychopathology? A Case for Associative Activation

Otgaar

Muris

Howe

2017

Clinical Psychological Science

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In clinical and court settings, it is imperative to know whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression may make people susceptible to false memories. We conducted a review of the literature on false memory effects in participants with PTSD, a history of trauma, or depression. When emotional associative material was presented to these groups, their levels of false memory were raised relative to those in relevant comparison groups. This difference did not consistently emerge when neutral or nonassociative material was presented. Our conclusion is supported by a quantitative comparison of effect sizes between studies using emotional associative or neutral, nonassociative material. Our review suggests that individuals with PTSD, a history of trauma, or depression are at risk for producing false memories when they are exposed to information that is related to their knowledge base.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Associative Activationmentioning

confidence: 95%

What Drives False Memories in Psychopathology? A Case for Associative Activation

Otgaar

Muris

Howe

2017

Clinical Psychological Science

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“…Among the 13-year-olds, accuracy was higher for negative than positive words, while in the younger group, accuracy was unrelated to word valence. Another study on word recall (Zhang et al, 2018) showed no age-related changes: Negative words were recalled better than positive words in two age groups (mean age 7.5 and 11.4 years, respectively).…”

Section: Review 1: Valence Effects In Word Processingmentioning

confidence: 92%

The Role of Emotional Valence for the Processing of Facial and Verbal Stimuli—Positivity or Negativity Bias?

et al. 2019

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Emotional valence is predominately conveyed in social interactions by words and facial expressions. The existence of broad biases which favor more efficient processing of positive or negative emotions is still a controversial matter. While so far this question has been investigated separately for each modality, in this narrative review of the literature we focus on valence effects in processing both words and facial expressions. In order to identify the factors underlying positivity and negativity effects, and to uncover whether these effects depend on modality and age, we present and analyze three representative overviews of the literature concerning valence effects in word processing, face processing, and combinations of word and face processing. Our analysis of word processing studies points to a positivity bias or a balanced processing of positive and negative words, whereas the analysis of face processing studies showed the existence of separate positivity and negativity biases depending on the experimental paradigm. The mixed results seem to be a product of the different methods and types of stimuli being used. Interestingly, we found that children exhibit a clear positivity advantage for both word and face processing, indicating similar processing biases in both modalities. Over the course of development, the initial positivity advantage gradually disappears, and in some face processing studies even reverses into a negativity bias. We therefore conclude that there is a need for future research that systematically analyses the impact of age and modality on the emergence of these valence effects. Finally, we discuss possible explanations for the presence of the early positivity advantage and its subsequent decrease.

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“…All participants completed a practice session to familiarize themselves with the DRM procedure before they were asked to watch a video clip that had a positive, negative, or neutral valence. To ensure that the to-be-used video clips would effectively induce the relevant mood states, we asked independent groups of 18- to 21-year-olds ( N = 11; 6 female) and 60- to 74-year-olds ( N = 11; 5 female) to watch three negative (i.e., sad), three positive (i.e., happy), and two neutral video clips used in previous studies (see Schaefer, Nils, Sanchez, & Philippot, 2010; Zhang, Gross, & Hayne, 2018). For each clip, participants were asked to use a 9-point graphic scale (1 = sad frowning face; 9 = happy smiling face) to rate how sad or happy that clip made them feel.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…states, we asked independent groups of 18-to 21-year-olds (N ϭ 11; 6 female) and 60-to 74-year-olds (N ϭ 11; 5 female) to watch three negative (i.e., sad), three positive (i.e., happy), and two neutral video clips used in previous studies (see Schaefer, Nils, Sanchez, & Philippot, 2010;Zhang, Gross, & Hayne, 2018). For each clip, participants were asked to use a 9-point graphic scale (1 ϭ sad frowning face; 9 ϭ happy smiling face) to rate how sad or happy that clip made them feel.…”

Section: Materials and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

An age-related positivity effect in semantic true memory but not false memory.

Zhang¹,

Gross

Hayne

2021

Emotion

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The positivity effect in older adults (i.e., over 60 years old) has been demonstrated across a wide range of stimuli with a wide range of experimental paradigms that are designed to assess memory; however, very little research has investigated the positivity effect in semantic memory. The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm is one of the best procedures to investigate age-related changes in the key cognitive mechanisms of semantic memory, including associative activation and gist extraction. Here we used the DRM paradigm to investigate whether mood, particularly positive mood, at the time of encoding would influence age-related differences in semantic memory in younger and older adults. Participants were induced into a positive, negative, or neutral mood and were then presented with word lists consisting of positive, negative, or neutral words. Older relative to younger adults exhibited higher true recognition for positive over negative words, but this pattern was not shown in false recognition. When participants were induced in positive moods, older adults exhibited more false recognition than did young adults. The age-related difference in false recognition, however, had nothing to do with the valence of information. Taken together, these findings support Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, a life span theory of motivation, and Fuzzy-Trace Theory, a dual-process theory of false memory, as well as the assumptions regarding the impact of mood on information processing.

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If You're Happy and You Know It: Positive Moods Reduce Age‐Related Differences in False Memory

Cited by 11 publications

References 34 publications

What Drives False Memories in Psychopathology? A Case for Associative Activation

What Drives False Memories in Psychopathology? A Case for Associative Activation

The Role of Emotional Valence for the Processing of Facial and Verbal Stimuli—Positivity or Negativity Bias?

An age-related positivity effect in semantic true memory but not false memory.

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