“…Reduction in nigrostriatal dopamine (specifically, diminished or absent D1 receptor stimulation) leads to partial or total disconnection of the micturition reflex from voluntary control and, in turn, uninhibited bladder contractions in the presence of negligible volumes of urine (Blackett et al, 2009;Gray, Stern, & MaloneLee, 1995;Katz & Greenstein, 1989;Ransmayr et al, 2008;Singer, 2005;Singer, Weiner, & Sanchez-Ramos, 1992;Siroky, 2003). This is generally referred to as detrusor hyperreflexia or detrusor overactivity (DH/DO), the most common urodynamic pattern in patients with PD (Chancellor & Blaivas, 1991;Katz & Greenstein, 1989;Fitzmaurice et al, 1985;Ragab & Mohammed, 2011;Siroky, 2003). Symptoms reported by patients with PD and DH/DO include urinary urgency and frequency, nocturia, and urge UI (Araki & Kuno, 2000;Blackett et al, 2009;Ragab & Mohammed, 2011;Ransmayr et al, 2008;Sakakibara et al, 2001a;Stacy, 1999).…”