Identity of university Chinese heritage language learners in Hong Kong

Abstract

The core of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is to learn the in-distribution (ID) representation, which is distinguishable from OOD samples. Previous work applied recognition-based methods to learn the ID features, which tend to learn shortcuts instead of comprehensive representations. In this work, we find surprisingly that simply using reconstruction-based methods could boost the performance of OOD detection significantly. We deeply explore the main contributors of OOD detection and find that reconstructionbased pretext tasks have the potential to provide a generally applicable and efficacious prior, which benefits the model in learning intrinsic data distributions of the ID dataset. Specifically, we take Masked Image Modeling as a pretext task for our OOD detection framework (MOOD). Without bells and whistles, MOOD outperforms previous SOTA of one-class OOD detection by 5.7%, multi-class OOD detection by 3.0%, and near-distribution OOD detection by 2.1%. It even defeats the 10-shot-per-class outlier exposure OOD detection, although we do not include any OOD samples for our detection.

A Conceptual Metaphor-based Approach to Facilitate English Idiom Comprehension

“…1. Discussion of Research Question One The results obtained by the application of CMs in teaching English idioms facilitated the comprehension of idioms by Kurdish students of EFL confirm the earlier findings Szabó, 1996, Boers, 2000;Li, 2003;Beréndi et al, 2008;Kömür and Çimen, 2009;Chen and Lai, 2013) which is putting idioms into groups under corresponding CMs and expose students to them can facilitate idiom retention and comprehension. Furthermore, the present study found that the CM-based Approach had its efficacy equally for the idioms motivated by all CMs, while Guo (2019) found the influence of CM-mediated instruction on the idioms motivated by structural rather than orientational and Original Article |DOI: https://doi.org/10.14500/kujhss.v5n1y2022.pp175-188 ontological metaphors.…”

“…Boers (2000), with learners whose L1 is either Dutch or French, explored how organizing idioms deploying CMs assists in retaining words and idioms. Likewise, with Chinese students, Li (2003) found that the CM-based Approach, though less effective than image schemas to facilitate idiom comprehension, was better than instructing students with idioms listed under semantic topics. With Hungarian college students majoring in English, Beréndi et al (2008) found that the use of CM-based Approach to teaching idioms facilitated English idioms comprehension and retention.…”

“…Since then, a handful of publications have been published to support such initiative in ACL field, particularly in relation to idiom comprehension and retention. The researchers (Kövecses and Szabó, 1996;Boers, 2000;Li, 2003;Beréndi et al, 2008;Kömür and Çimen, 2009;Vasiljevic, 2011;Samani and Hashemian, 2012;Chen and Lai, 2013;Doiz and Elizari, 2013;Hung, 2019;Guo, 2019;Pan, 2019;Pham and To, 2019) are of the opinion that implementing CMs as a medium of teaching idioms with appraising the students how different sets of idioms are motivated by specific CMs aid comprehension and retention of a wide range of idioms.…”

Critical cooling rate for the glass formation of ferromagnetic Fe40Ni40P14B6 alloy

“…With respect to these boundary conditions, the heat conduction equation can be solved by the finite-difference method. The details and parameters settings in the calculation can be found elsewhere [27]. In our experiment, the maximum diameters of bulk amorphous Fe 40 Ni 40 P 14 B 6 alloy rods obtained from the fluxed ingots is ~2.5 mm and the corresponding average cooling rate R n within the temperature range of T m (=1184 K) to T n (=808 K) is calculated to be 492.4 K/s.…”

MaXrd updated with emphasis on model construction and reciprocal-space simulations

“…Another class of hosts form one-dimensional tunnels for the guests to occupy. Here, urea and thiourea are prime examples (Li, 1996). They create a characteristic honeycombshaped structure in conjunction with appropriate guests.…”