Identity Challenges of Women Leaders: Antecedents and Consequences of Identity Interference

Karelaia, Natalia; Guillén, Laura

doi:10.5465/ambpp.2012.10757abstract

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 154 publications

(210 reference statements)

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“…Here, we apply this general theory to social categories to understand the patterns of self-beliefs that may emerge for people within a given social category (i.e., men) in response to that category’s social expectations (i.e., rigid masculinity norms). Although we are not the first to apply self-discrepancy theory to social categories (e.g., Burke, 1991; Filice et al, 2020; Karelaia & Guillen, 2012; Stets & Burke, 2000, 2005), our model newly links self-discrepancy to conformity motivations as explanatory of differential identity threat responding.…”

Section: Discrepancymentioning

confidence: 99%

When Is Masculinity “Fragile”? An Expectancy-Discrepancy-Threat Model of Masculine Identity

Stanaland

Gaither

Gassman‐Pines

2023

Pers Soc Psychol Rev

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Academic Abstract Manhood is a precarious social status. Under perceived gender identity threat, men are disproportionately likely to enact certain stereotype-consistent responses such as aggression to maintain their gender status. Yet less is known regarding individual variation in men’s threat responsiveness—that is, the psychological conditions under which one’s masculine identity is more or less “fragile.” We propose a novel model of masculine identity whereby masculine norm expectancy generates discrepancy within the self to the extent that rigid norms are internalized as obligational (actual-ought discrepancy) versus aspirational (actual-ideal discrepancy), which predict extrinsic versus intrinsic motivations to reduce these discrepancies, respectively. Under threat, then, extrinsic motivations predict externalized responses (e.g., aggression), and intrinsic motivations elicit internalized responses (e.g., anxiety, shame, self-harm). We also consider the conditions under which masculinity may be less fragile—for example, in contexts with less rigid expectations and among men who reject expectations—as pathways to mitigate adverse masculinity threat-related outcomes. Public Abstract In many cultures, men prove their manhood by engaging in behaviors that harm themselves and others (e.g., violence, sexism, homophobia), particularly people from marginalized groups. Yet less is known about why some men are more likely than others to enact these masculinity-proving behaviors. The goal of our model is to specify certain conditions under which masculinities become “fragile” and elicit these responses when under threat. We start by describing the rigid expectations men experience—for example, that they are strong and tough. We propose that these expectations cause men to experience different forms of discrepancy within themselves that produce corresponding motivations to reduce these discrepancies. Under threat, motivations driven by others’ expectations elicit outward attempts to restore masculine status (e.g., aggression), whereas motivations driven by self-ideals cause internalized responses (e.g., shame, self-harm). We conclude by discussing how to reduce these discrepancies, such as mitigating the rigidity of and encouraging men’s resistance to masculinity expectations.

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Section: Discrepancymentioning

confidence: 99%

When Is Masculinity “Fragile”? An Expectancy-Discrepancy-Threat Model of Masculine Identity

Stanaland

Gaither

Gassman‐Pines

2023

Pers Soc Psychol Rev

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Editorial

Symons¹,

Keegan²

2021

CFW

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Academic leaders’ double bind: challenges from an Indonesian perspective

Arquisola

Zutshi

Rentschler

et al. 2019

IJEM

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the mechanisms that explain the complexities Indonesian higher education (HE) academic leaders (ALs) experience in performing leadership roles. The research addresses the questions: How do Indonesian ALs perceive their roles in HE? What are the challenges facing Indonesian ALs in their roles in the Indonesian HE context? To what extent does gender impact how ALs act and are perceived? Design/methodology/approach In sum, 35 ALs from six Indonesian universities representing top executive positions were interviewed. Data were analysed thematically using a retroductive process followed by a series of on-site member-checking activities to establish credibility and authenticity of the findings. Findings The religious principles of amanah (the “altruistic calling” of their functions needing dedication, commitment, and passion) unique to the Indonesian cultural experience influence ALs views of leadership. ALs face role constraints due to resource limitations, experiencing a double bind, while harmonising differences due to ascribed social status and position. Research limitations/implications Supportive structures effective for academic leadership practice must be created, further studies on male ALs’ roles in promoting the leadership ascent of female ALs and promoting work-life balance will improve ALs’ visibility and salience in steering institutional growth. Originality/value This is the first study to focus a critical lens on the complexities of context-based leadership practice as it is influenced by amanah. Layers of constraints confronting female ALs were documented due to exigencies of gender role expectations and resource limitations, yet they exhibited paternal navigational skills beyond the maternal and pastoral calling of their roles.

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Identity Challenges of Women Leaders: Antecedents and Consequences of Identity Interference

Abstract: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means-electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise-without the permission of ESMT.

Cited by 4 publications

References 154 publications

When Is Masculinity “Fragile”? An Expectancy-Discrepancy-Threat Model of Masculine Identity

When Is Masculinity “Fragile”? An Expectancy-Discrepancy-Threat Model of Masculine Identity

Editorial

Academic leaders’ double bind: challenges from an Indonesian perspective

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