Identifying trends in ultrafine particle infiltration and carbon dioxide ventilation in 92 vehicle models

Lim, Sangyeob; Mudway, Ian; Molden, Nick; Holland, J. Alvin; Barratt, Benjamin

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152521

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Buses [41,42], metro [42], and trains [37] received less attention. In Los Angeles, which was discussed in articles published between 2012 and 2022, cars were the primary focus [43][44][45][46][47]. Few studies have analyzed buses [44,48] and metro [46].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vehicle's age, model, size, fuel, air conditioning and refueling are the main factors considered in the studies [19,[109][110][111][112][113][114][115]. The other indoor environments were analyzed less frequently: 6% trains [116][117][118][119][120][121], 5% airplane [122][123][124][125][126], 5% truck/van/ambulance [47,[127][128][129] and 1% (each) for trams [130][131][132][133][134] and boat/ferry [51,135]. Many studies consider different transport modalities at the same time, providing a comparison of pollutant concentrations and evaluating the possible exposure when using one transportation mode compared to the others.…”

Section: Transport Microenvironmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure to Air Pollution in Transport Microenvironments

et al. 2023

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People spend approximately 90% of their day in confined spaces (at home, work, school or in transit). During these periods, exposure to high concentrations of atmospheric pollutants can pose serious health risks, particularly to the respiratory system. The objective of this paper is to define a framework of the existing literature on the assessment of air quality in various transport microenvironments. A total of 297 papers, published from 2002 to 2021, were analyzed with respect to the type of transport microenvironments, the pollutants monitored, the concentrations measured and the sampling methods adopted. The analysis emphasizes the increasing interest in this topic, particularly regarding the evaluation of exposure in moving cars and buses. It specifically focuses on the exposure of occupants to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs). Concentrations of these pollutants can reach several hundreds of µg/m3 in some cases, significantly exceeding the recommended levels. The findings presented in this paper serve as a valuable resource for urban planners and decision-makers in formulating effective urban policies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Transport Microenvironmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to Air Pollution in Transport Microenvironments

et al. 2023

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“…Furthermore, the air pollution levels within a vehicle's interior environment exceed those of indoor living environments [4]. Therefore, we should pay attention to the air quality issue within the vehicle's interior environment, and the number of studies in this field is increasing [5]. To ensure thermal comfort while driving, people will close windows and use air conditioning, particularly during winter and summer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction and Comparison of In-Vehicle CO2 Concentration Based on ARIMA and LSTM Models

Han,

Lin,

Qin

2023

Applied Sciences

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An increase in the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration within a vehicle can lead to a decrease in air quality, resulting in numerous adverse effects on the human body. Therefore, it is very important to know the in-vehicle CO2 concentration level and to accurately predict a concentration change. The purpose of this research is to investigate in-vehicle concentration levels of CO2, comparing the accuracy of an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and a long short-term memory (LSTM) model in predicting the change in CO2 concentration. We conducted a field test to obtain in-vehicle original concentration data of CO2 while driving, establishing a prediction model of CO2 concentration with ARIMA and LSTM. We selected mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) as the evaluation indicators. The findings indicate the following: (1) With the vehicle windows closed and recirculation ventilation mode activated, in-vehicle CO2 concentration increases rapidly. During testing, CO2 accumulation rates were measured at 1.43 ppm/s for one occupant and 3.52 ppm/s for three occupants within a 20 min driving period. Average concentrations exceeded 1000 ppm, so it is recommended to improve ventilation promptly while driving. (2) The MAPE of ARIMA and LSTM prediction results are 0.46% and 0.56%, respectively. The RMSE results are 19.62 ppm and 22.76 ppm, respectively. The prediction results demonstrate that both models effectively forecast changes in a vehicle’s interior environment CO2, but the prediction accuracy of ARIMA is better than that of LSTM. The research findings provide theoretical guidance to traffic safety managers in selecting suitable models for predicting in-vehicle CO2 concentrations and establish an effective in-vehicle ventilation warning control system.

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