Identifying the Nature of Charge Recombination in Organic Solar Cells from Charge‐Transfer State Electroluminescence

Wetzelaer, Gert‐Jan A. H.; Kuik, Martijn; Blom, Paul W. M.

doi:10.1002/aenm.201200009

Cited by 101 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The JV curve of the electron-only device behaves drastically different after ambient exposure. The characteristic shape of the degraded electron only JV curve (J ∝ V 6 ) is as expected from a device with a very high trap density, as previously described by e.g., Blom et al 24 Figure 5a thus implies the presence of a significant electron trap density after exposure to ambient.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

“…24 The CT EL-EQE is bias-independent in the case of bimolecular recombination and is bias-dependent for trapassisted recombination. 24 Figure 5b shows the measured EL-EQE for TQ1:PC 71 BM devices processed under inert conditions and in ambient. We find that the ambient-processed device has an order of magnitude lower CT EL-EQE and a stronger dependence of CT EL-EQE on injected current density (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Asymmetric photocurrent extraction in semitransparent laminated flexible organic solar cells

et al. 2018

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1Scalable production methods and low-cost materials with low embodied energy are key to success for organic solar cells. PEDOT (PSS) electrodes meet these criteria and allow for low-cost and all solution-processed solar cells. However, such devices are prone to shunting. In this work we introduce a roll-to-roll lamination method to construct semitransparent solar cells with a PEDOT(PSS) anode and an polyethyleneimine (PEI) modified PEDOT(PSS) cathode. We use the polymer:PCBM active layer coated on the electrodes as the lamination adhesive. Our lamination method efficiently eliminates any shunting. Extended exposure to ambient degrades the laminated devices, which manifests in a significantly reduced photocurrent extraction when the device is illuminated through the anode, despite the fact that the PEDOT(PSS) electrodes are optically equivalent. We show that degradation-induced electron traps lead to increased trap-assisted recombination at the anode side of the device. By limiting the exposure time to ambient during production, degradation is significantly reduced. We show that lamination using the active layer as the adhesive can result in device performance equal to that of conventional sequential coating.npj Flexible Electronics (2018) 2:4 ; doi:10.1038/s41528-017-0017-6 INTRODUCTIONThere is an urgent need to replace the present fossil-based energy production with sustainable energy sources. Thin-film solar cells and organic photovoltaics (OPV) in particular are technologies with a large potential to contribute to the energy transition due to very short energy payback times 1 and scalable production methods.2 The best devices approach 12% power conversion efficiency (PCE) 3 and due to improved OPV performance under low light-intensity conditions the yearly-average energy output is improved, reducing the competitive gap between OPV and silicon photovoltaics. Nevertheless, the OPV technology is not intended to compete with the high PCE of silicon-based solar cell installations but is instead targeted for entry markets that require the unique features of OPV, such as curved form factors enabled by flexible substrates, color tunability, semitransparency, low weight and the uniquely low energy payback times.To realize these advantages materials and production methods must be scalable with high throughput, such as roll-to-roll printing under ambient atmosphere. Vacuum-based processing, commonly used to deposit reflective (such as aluminum/chromium or silver) or transparent metal electrodes (indium tin oxide (ITO)), should ideally be avoided due to their high energy input.4 Indium in ITO is in addition too scarce to be a scalable alternative. Solution-processed electrodes have a significantly lower embodied energy and allow for the high speed printing needed for scalable production. To fully utilize the benefits of solution processing all layers in the device should be coated or printed.The use of semitransparent Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate), PEDOT(PSS) electrodes for both the anode

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetric photocurrent extraction in semitransparent laminated flexible organic solar cells

et al. 2018

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“…17,18 The measured V oc and J 0 as a function of light intensity were fitted with eqn (3) and (6) respectively. For the fit the measured linear intensity dependencies of J ph and n as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several device physics and optical models have been reported [3][4][5][6][7] that accurately describe the observed device performance on the cell level. These models do not take into account the effects of series resistance caused by the metallization and external circuit, and thus describe the intrinsic cell performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Describing the light intensity dependence of polymer:fullerene solar cells using an adapted Shockley diode model

Slooff

Veenstra

Kroon

et al. 2014

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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Solar cells are generally optimised for operation under AM1.5 100 mW cm À2 conditions. This is also typically done for polymer solar cells. However, one of the entry markets for this emerging technology is portable electronics. For this market, the spectral shape and intensity of typical illumination conditions deviate considerably from the standard test conditions (AM1.5, 100 mW cm À2 , at 25 1C). The performance of polymer solar cells is strongly dependent on the intensity and spectral shape of the light source. For this reason the cells should be optimised for the specific application. Here a theoretical model is presented that describes the light intensity dependence of P3HT:[C60]PCBM solar cells. It is based on the Shockley diode equation, combined with a metal-insulator-metal model. In this way the observed light intensity dependence of P3HT:[C60]PCBM solar cells can be described using a 1-diode model, allowing fast optimization of polymer solar cells and module design.

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“…In the ideal case, free carriers recombine either with trapped charges (Schottky- in P3HT:PCBM devices [175,187], the consensus is now that the non-geminate 1020 photocurrent loss is mainly due to bimolecular recombination.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

P3HT-Based Solar Cells: Structural Properties and Photovoltaic Performance

Moulé

Neher

Turner

2014

P3HT Revisited – From Molecular Scale to Solar Cell Devices

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Each year we are bombarded with B.Sc. and Ph.D. applications from 8 students that want to improve the world. They have learned that their future depends 9 on changing the type of fuel we use and that solar energy is our future. The hope and 10 energy of these young people will transform future energy technologies, but it will 11 not happen quickly. Organic photovoltaic devices are easy to draw AU1, but the mate-12 rials, processing steps, and ways of measuring the properties of the materials are 13 very complicated. It is not trivial to make a systematic measurement that will 14 change the way other research groups think or practice. In approaching this chapter, 15 we thought about what a new researcher would need to know about organic 16 photovoltaic devices and materials in order to have a good start in the subject. [1][2][3][4]. Similar 43 to the gold rush in the 1800s and the oil boom in the 1900s, intellectual property on 44 new technologies is now the boom industry for innovative people to become rich 45 and influential fast. In the twenty-first century, scientists and engineers are the 46 pioneers and our ideas are the prize. One of the most alluring energy technologies of 47 the past decade has been organic photovoltaics (OPV). This technology is alluring 48 because it could potentially reduce the cost of producing photovoltaic 49 (PV) modules and thereby make solar energy cost-competitive with fossil fuels. 50 As can be seen in Fig. 1, the allure of OPV brought thousands of scientists and 51 engineers into this new field, generating an exponential increase in scientific 52 knowledge (as measured by the number of scientific AU4 articles) in this area. The 53 sharp focus on OPV technology has led to an explosion of interest in enabling 54 technologies such as polymer synthesis, polymer physics, microstructural measure-55 ment techniques, multiscale modeling, photophysics, organic electronics, organic-56 inorganic hybrid materials, etc. All of this intense focus into one research area has 57 also created intense competition between research groups. With so many new 58 scientific articles published yearly, it is impossible to read them all, and repeat or 59 redundant articles have become unfortunately and unavoidably common. Even 60 review articles and books about OPV have proliferated, making production of an 61 original perspective difficult and a complete literature review impractical. We 62 apologize in advance if any important work is not cited here. 63Under this backdrop, we have decided to produce an article that is designed to be 64 helpful to students and postdocs who are entering this field. Rather than focusing on 65 the efficiency of devices or the morphology of materials (subjects that are covered 66 very well elsewhere), we instead focus some attention on how to approach OPV 67 research from a more practical (laboratory-based) perspective. Section 1 introduces A.J. Moulé et al. 68OPV devices, modules, and scale-up. Section 2 discusses fabrication of poly-3- Device Characterist...

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Identifying the Nature of Charge Recombination in Organic Solar Cells from Charge‐Transfer State Electroluminescence

Cited by 101 publications

References 38 publications

Asymmetric photocurrent extraction in semitransparent laminated flexible organic solar cells

Asymmetric photocurrent extraction in semitransparent laminated flexible organic solar cells

Describing the light intensity dependence of polymer:fullerene solar cells using an adapted Shockley diode model

P3HT-Based Solar Cells: Structural Properties and Photovoltaic Performance

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