“…Farming distance is another element that affects farmer households' cultivate willingness (Zhang, Li, He, et al, 2023). A larger CAR exists for cropland that is far from roads, water, and settlements, which probably translates into increased labor and transportation expenses and decreased agricultural productivity (Bakker Hou et al, 2021; Terres et al, 2015; Subedi et al, 2021) At patch characteristics perspective, cropland with excessive fragmentation, low connection, and small size may impede the adoption of mechanical farming technologies in the agricultural mechanization and modernization context (Gu et al, 2023; Ntihinyurwa & de Vries, 2020). They are also subjected to a higher level of CAR than cropland with large patch size, regular shape, strong aggregation, good connectedness, and minimal fragmentation (Gu et al, 2023; Zheng, Guo, He, et al, 2023).…”