Identifying Risks to Healthy Aging in New York City's Varied NORCs

Vladeck, Fredda; Segel, Rebecca

doi:10.1080/02763893.2010.522450

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…NORCs are neighborhoods or housing developments where seniors represent a substantial proportion of the residents, in buildings not originally designed for older persons (see the New York State Office of the Aging for specific thresholds; often building-based NORCs are defined as having at least 50% of units with a senior occupant). NORCs are a nationally recognized urban phenomenon related to concentrated “aging in place” – older adults who remain in their home for a long tenure rather than leave them for retirement communities or assisted living – or they may also develop due to the arrival of older adults or the departure of young people ( Vladeck and Segel, 2010 , p. 1–2). Both NYS and NYC developed supportive service programs in NORC areas to assist seniors who remained living at home.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the NYC Department for the Aging, residents of the City's housing development-based NORCs “can access health and social services right in their own building or building complex” ( New York City Department for the Aging (NYCDFA), 2014 ). Health analysts hope that further developing neighborhood-based NORCs may hold the potential to integrate the range of housing, health and social services that can aid older New Yorkers in successful aging in place ( Vladeck and Segel, 2010 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intra-urban vulnerability to heat-related mortality in New York City, 1997–2006

2014

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The health impacts of exposure to summertime heat are a significant problem in New York City (NYC) and for many cities and are expected to increase with a warming climate. Most studies on heat-related mortality have examined risk factors at the municipal or regional scale and may have missed the intra-urban variation of vulnerability that might inform prevention strategies. We evaluated whether place-based characteristics (socioeconomic/demographic and health factors, as well as the built and biophysical environment) may be associated with greater risk of heat-related mortality for seniors during heat events in NYC. As a measure of relative vulnerability to heat, we used the natural cause mortality rate ratio among those aged 65 and over (MRR65+), comparing extremely hot days (maximum heat index 100 °F+) to all warm season days, across 1997–2006 for NYC's 59 Community Districts and 42 United Hospital Fund neighborhoods. Significant positive associations were found between the MRR65+ and neighborhood-level characteristics: poverty, poor housing conditions, lower rates of access to air-conditioning, impervious land cover, surface temperatures aggregated to the area-level, and seniors’ hypertension. Percent Black/African American and household poverty were strong negative predictors of seniors’ air conditioning access in multivariate regression analysis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra-urban vulnerability to heat-related mortality in New York City, 1997–2006

2014

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“…Among the 39 NORC-SSP articles, in 9 (23%), authors described some methods for identifying the NORCs they described: an article presented a 1991 analysis of housing [45]. The remaining articles presented relationships as the way of identifying NORCs and NORC programs.…”

Section: Methods Used To Identify Norcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 52% (33/64) of the articles, authors described external resources, demonstrating their importance to the success of the NORC programs. Of the 64 articles, 19 (33%) presented external partnerships with health-related service organizations; Vladeck and Segel [45] describe New York, New York, NORC programs as having a health partner that is typically a home care agency, local hospital, nursing home, or combination of agencies that connect into the NORC to provide services. Authors reported health partners from service areas that included nonspecified health services [17,19,24,27,45], home care services [17], primary care physicians [57,58], nursing [4,21,36,46,[53][54][55][56][57], occupational therapy [50,53], social work and counseling [21,24,36,46,50,[53][54][55][56][57], pharmacy [57], and hospital-specified services [29,57].…”

Section: External Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities: Scoping Review

Parniak¹,

DePaul²,

Frymire³

et al. 2022

JMIR Aging

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Background As Canada’s population ages, there is a need to explore community-based solutions to support older adults. Naturally occurring retirement communities (NORCs), defined in 1986 as buildings or areas not specifically designed for, but which attract, older adults and associated NORC supportive service programs (NORC-SSPs) have been described as potential resources to support aging in place. Though the body of literature on NORCs has been growing since the 1980s, no synthesis of this work has been conducted to date. Objective The goal of this scoping review is to highlight the current state of NORC literature to inform future research and offer a summarized description of NORCs and how they have supported, and can support, older adults to age in place. Methods Using a published framework, a scoping review was conducted by searching 13 databases from earliest date of coverage to January 2022. We included English peer- and non–peer-reviewed scholarly journal publications that described, critiqued, reflected on, or researched NORCs. Aging-in-place literature with little to no mention of NORCs was excluded, as were studies that recruited participants from NORCs but did not connect findings to the setting. A qualitative content analysis of the literature was conducted, guided by a conceptual framework, to examine the promise of NORC programs to promote aging in place. Results From 787 publications, we included 64 (8.1%) articles. All publications were North American, and nearly half used a descriptive research approach (31/64, 48%). A little more than half provided a specific definition of a NORC (33/64, 52%); of these, 13 (39%) used the 1986 definition; yet, there were discrepancies in the defined proportions of older adults that constitute a NORC (eg, 40% or 50%). Of the 64 articles, 6 (9%) described processes for identifying NORCs and 39 (61%) specifically described NORC-SSPs and included both external partnerships with organizations for service delivery (33/39, 85%) and internal resources such as staff, volunteers, or neighbors. Identified key components of a NORC-SSP included activities fostering social relationships (25/64, 39%) and access to resources and services (26/64, 41%). Sustainability and funding of NORC-SSPs were described (27/64, 42%), particularly as challenges to success. Initial outcomes, including self-efficacy (6/64, 9%) and increased access to social and health supports (14/64, 22%) were cited; however, long-term outcomes were lacking. Conclusions This review synthesizes the NORC literature to date and demonstrates that NORC-SSPs have potential as an alternative model of supporting aging in place. Longitudinal research exploring the impacts of both NORCs and NORC-SSPs on older adult health and well-being is recommended. Future research should also explore ways to improve the sustainability of NORC-SSPs.

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Understanding, Supporting and Safeguarding Self-Determination as We Age

McCallion

Ferretti

2017

Development of Self-Determination Through the Life-Course

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Identifying Risks to Healthy Aging in New York City's Varied NORCs

Cited by 6 publications

References 3 publications

Intra-urban vulnerability to heat-related mortality in New York City, 1997–2006

Intra-urban vulnerability to heat-related mortality in New York City, 1997–2006

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities: Scoping Review

Understanding, Supporting and Safeguarding Self-Determination as We Age

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