“…In this regard, many conservation initiatives around the world have had a long history of decoupling food security from biodiversity conservation by failing to understand the important role that natural resources play in the healthy and nutritious diets of rural populations (Powell et al, 2015;Sylvester et al, 2016) and conversely neglecting the important stewardship role that indigenous people play in natural resource management (Garnett et al, 2018). PAs can contribute to food insecurity through a variety of pathways such as a loss of direct access to the harvesting of wild foods (Nakamura and Hanazaki, 2017), loss of livestock due to predation by wildlife (Banerjee, 2012;Givá and Raitio, 2017), loss of access to water bodies used for irrigation or drinking water (Adhikari et al, 2009;N'Danikou et al, 2017), loss of fuelwood for cooking (Banerjee, 2012), loss of traditional knowledge (Turner and Turner, 2008;Desmet, 2016), and loss of access to markets and increased food prices due to tourism (Rosendo et al, 2011;Bennett and Dearden, 2014).…”