“…Oskamp (1977: 37) defined response styles as "systematic ways of answering which are not directly related to the question content". A large literature has identified various response tendencies such as acquiescence, selecting the extreme options, mid-point responding, limited response differentiation, and random or arbitrary responding (Aichholzer, 2013;Baumgartner and Steenkamp, 2001;Van Rosmalen, van Herk and Groenen, 2010;Watkins and Cheung, 1995). Controlling for response styles is particularly important for cross-cultural studies, since response styles have been found to vary by both race and culture (Bachman and O'Malley, 1984;Dayton, Zhan, Sangl, Darby, and Moy, 2006;Hamamura, Heine, and Paulhus, 2008;Hui and Triandis, 1989).…”