Identifying research directions of a remotely-controlled merchant ship by revisiting her system-theoretic safety control structure

On the Influence of Human Factors on Safety of Remotely-Controlled Merchant Vessels

“…The overall median of the experts' responses was also the greatest for this stage (ME = 40.0), which suggests that the experts recognize that a widely-understood organizational environment is important for ensuring safe operations of autonomous vessels, including the human factors present therein. While this issue has been recognized as important by various scholars [8,28,40], it has also been studied to the least extent [41] to date.…”

Awareness and Attitude of Maritime Students Towards the Introduction of Autonomous Merchant Ships – Preliminary Results

“…It is also worth noting, that despite 63% of respondents stating that ship automation is beneficial to the shipping industry in general, only 49% see it as a threat to seafaring jobs. Such difference may be caused by some students thinking that the automatization will be limited to ships with automated processes and decision support, with seafarers present on board to operate and control shipboard systems and functions (Degree of Automation 1, as classified by International Maritime Organization (Chae et al, 2020;Wróbel et al, 2020)). Through this scheme, automation would aid seafarers in their daily tasks making their jobs easier but not threatening their existence.…”

Risk assessment of the operations of maritime autonomous surface ships

“…Due to the dependency of autonomous ships on ICT, cyberattacks are considered as a major type of hazards in MASS operations (MUNIN, 2015;Hogg & Ghosh, 2016;Rolls-Royce, 2016;Ghaderi, 2018;Komianos, 2018;Wróbel et al, 2018bWróbel et al, , 2020. Many cyberattacks have been reported in recent years, see the incidents involving COSCO US in 2018, Maersk in 2017 and the Port of Antwerp in 2011-2012.…”

“…Furthermore, Wróbel et al (2017) identify all possible scenarios for preventing or handling fires on a MASS and stated that a fire accident is an extremely difficult challenge in MASS operations. Wróbel et al (2018bWróbel et al ( , 2020 also argue that sensor failures will also have significant consequences leading to unsafe and inefficient MASS operations.…”