Identifying potential virulence determinants in viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) for rainbow trout

Campbell, S G; Collet, Bertrand; Einer-Jensen, Katja; Secombes, Christopher J.; Snow, M. H.

doi:10.3354/dao02127

Cited by 43 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Several nearly complete genome sequences from marine and freshwater VHSV displaying various levels of virulence in rainbow trout now are available in GenBank. Several laboratories already have pointed out that as few as 4 to 10 amino acid substitutions could be found between the marine and freshwater strains, suggesting that only a limited number of amino acid residues are involved in the level of virulence (5,11). Using the newly established reverse-genetic system based on the hypervirulent VSHV 23-75 strain (16,23), these amino acid residues could be easily tested to determine their biological significance in determining VHSV virulence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limited Interference at the Early Stage of Infection between Two Recombinant Novirhabdoviruses: Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus and Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus

Biacchesi

Lamoureux

Mérour

et al. 2010

J Virol

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The genome sequence of a hypervirulent novirhabdovirus, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) French strain 23-75, was determined. Compared to the genome of the prototype Fil3 strain, a number of substitutions, deletions, and insertions were observed. Following the establishment of a plasmid-based minigenome replication assay, recombinant VHSV (rVHSV) was successfully recovered. rVHSV exhibits wild-typelike growth properties in vitro as well as in vivo in rainbow trout. The dispensable role of NV for the novirhabdovirus replication was confirmed by generating rVHSV-⌬NV, in which the NV gene was deleted. This deletion mutant was shown to be as debilitated as that previously described for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), a distantly related novirhabdovirus (S. Biacchesi, M. I. Thoulouze, M. Bearzotti, Y. X. Yu, and M. Bremont, J. Virol. 74:11247-11253, 2000). Recombinant VHSV and IHNV expressing tdTomato and GFP max reporter genes, respectively, were generated, demonstrating the potential of these rhabdoviruses to serve as viral vectors. Interestingly, rIHNV-GFP max could be recovered using the replicative complex proteins of either virus, whereas rVHSV-Tomato could be recovered only by using its own replicative complex, reflecting that the genome signal sequences of VHSV are relatively distant from those of IHNV and do not allow their cross-recognition. Moreover, the use of heterologous protein combinations underlined the importance of strong protein-protein interactions for the formation of a functional ribonucleoprotein complex. The rIHNV-GFP max and rVHSV-Tomato viruses were used to simultaneously coinfect cell monolayers. It was observed that up to 74% of the cell monolayer was coinfected by both viruses, demonstrating that a limited interference phenomenon exists during the early stage of primary infection, and it was not mediated by a cellular antiviral protein or by some of the viral proteins.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limited Interference at the Early Stage of Infection between Two Recombinant Novirhabdoviruses: Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus and Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus

Biacchesi

Lamoureux

Mérour

et al. 2010

J Virol

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“…The propagation of a pathogenic viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) reference strain DK-F1 was as described previously (42,55). Fish were injected i.p.…”

Section: Comparative Expression Analysis Of the Three Trout Tnf-a Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Types of TNF-α Exist in Teleost Fish: Phylogeny, Expression, and Bioactivity Analysis of Type-II TNF-α3 in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Hong

et al. 2013

The Journal of Immunology

184

160

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TNF-α is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and regulation of immune cells. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages as a membrane or secreted form. In rainbow trout, two TNF-α molecules were described previously. In this article, we report a third TNF-α (TNF-α3) that has only low identities to known trout molecules. Phylogenetic tree and synteny analyses of trout and other fish species suggest that two types (named I and II) of TNF-α exist in teleost fish. The fish type-II TNF-α has a short stalk that may impact on its enzymatic release or restrict it to a membrane-bound form. The constitutive expression of trout TNF-α3 was generally lower than the other two genes in tissues and cell lines, with the exception of the macrophage RTS-11 cell line, in which expression was higher. Expression of all three TNF-α isoforms could be modulated by crude LPS, peptidoglycan, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, and rIFN-γ in cell lines and primary macrophages, as well as by bacterial and viral infections. TNF-α3 is the most responsive gene at early time points post-LPS stimulation and can be highly induced by the T cell–stimulant PHA, suggesting it is a particularly important TNF-α isoform. rTNF-α3 produced in CHO cells was bioactive in different cell lines and primary macrophages. In the latter, it induced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17C, and TNF-αs), negative regulators (SOCS1–3, TGF-β1b), antimicrobial peptides (cathelicidin-1 and hepcidin), and the macrophage growth factor IL-34, verifying its key role in the inflammatory cytokine network and macrophage biology of fish.

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“…Once full cytopathic effect was observed, the virus was stored at 280˚C, and a thawed aliquot was titrated on BF-2 cells by end point dilution. The 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID 50 ) end point was calculated as described previously (51). The rainbow trout fry were reared in the MSS, Marine Research Unit in Aultbea, transported to the MSS Marine Laboratory in Aberdeen, U.K., and acclimatized for 14 d prior to challenge.…”

Section: Viral Challengementioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Characterization of a Nonmammalian IL-21: Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss IL-21 Upregulates the Expression of the Th Cell Signature Cytokines IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-22

Wang

Díaz‐Rosales

Costa

et al. 2011

The Journal of Immunology

151

169

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In mammals, IL-21 is a common γ chain cytokine produced by activated CD4+ T cells and NKT cells that acts on multiple lineages of cells. Although IL-21 has also been discovered in birds, amphibians, and fish, to date, no functional studies have been reported for any nonmammalian IL-21 molecule. We have sequenced an IL-21 gene (tIL-21) in rainbow trout, which has a six-exon/five-intron structure, is expressed in immune tissues, and is induced by bacterial and viral infection and the T cell stimulant PHA. In contrast to mammals, calcium ionophore and PMA act synergistically to induce tIL-21. Recombinant tIL-21 (rtIL-21) induced a rapid and long-lasting (4–72 h) induction of expression of IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-22, signature cytokines for Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-type responses, respectively, in head kidney leukocytes. However, rtIL-21 had little effects on the expression of other cytokines studied. rtIL-21 maintained the expression of CD8α, CD8β, and IgM at a late stage of stimulation when their expression was significantly decreased in controls and increased the expression of the Th cell markers CD4, T-bet, and GATA3. Intraperitoneal injection of rtIL-21 confirmed the in vitro bioactivity and increased the expression of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-21, IL-22, CD8, and IgM. Inhibition experiments revealed that the activation of JAK/STAT3, Akt1/2, and PI3K pathways were responsible for rtIL-21 action. This study helps to clarify the role of IL-21 in lower vertebrates for the first time, to our knowledge, and suggests IL-21 is a likely key regulator of T and B cell function in fish.

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Identifying potential virulence determinants in viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) for rainbow trout

Cited by 43 publications

References 29 publications

Limited Interference at the Early Stage of Infection between Two Recombinant Novirhabdoviruses: Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus and Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus

Limited Interference at the Early Stage of Infection between Two Recombinant Novirhabdoviruses: Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus and Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus

Two Types of TNF-α Exist in Teleost Fish: Phylogeny, Expression, and Bioactivity Analysis of Type-II TNF-α3 in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Functional Characterization of a Nonmammalian IL-21: Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss IL-21 Upregulates the Expression of the Th Cell Signature Cytokines IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-22

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