Identifying Potential Tumor Antigens and Antigens-Related Subtypes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma for mRNA Vaccine Development

Abstract

Background. The mRNA vaccine has become a promising platform for cancer therapy. Lots of studies have been focusing on discovering novel potent cancer-associated antigens to develop mRNA vaccines against cancers. Besides, immunotyping shows the immune status, and immune microenvironment of immunotyping is related with therapeutic reaction. However, potential antigens for mRNA vaccines and immunotyping of liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) remain far from being understood. Methods. In this study, we collected gene expression data and clinical information data from ICGC and TCGA databases. Using GEPIA2, we calculated differential expression genes and prognostic indices. We applied TIMER to calculate the correlation coefficient between immune infiltrating cells and each gene. Consensus cluster was used for immunotyping of LIHC. Results. We uncovered four most potential candidates including PES1, MCM3, PPM1G, and KPNA2, which were all related with antigen-presenting cell (APC) infiltration and poor survival in LIHC in two independent datasets. Furthermore, three immune-related subtypes (IS1-IS3) of LIHC were identified. All these results were validated in two independent datasets. Furthermore, we validated our results in vitro. Conclusions. The above candidates will be expected to be potential antigen genes for developing anti-LIHC mRNA vaccine, and furthermore, patients with IS2 and IS3 tumors are supposed to be appropriate for mRNA vaccine in LIHC.

Engineered Microcystis aerugiosa Hydrogel as an Anti‐Tumor Therapeutic by Augmenting Tumor Immunogenicity and Immune Responses

“…As shown in Figure 4E, MA@PDA-F127 captured tumor antigens (including Eif2a, Fubp1, Hspa4l), DAMPs (including Hspa14, Hsph1, Mthfd1), and immune factors (including H2-Q10, Nipsnap2, and plcg2). [30][31][32][33][34][35] These immune-activating proteins were expected to recruit and activate DCs, and shape a favorable microenvironment for antitumor immunity.…”