“…The second is related to problems such as numerical overflow and so-called time-horizon issues which arise in the estimation of PIN (e.g., see Easley, Engle, O'Hara, and Wu, 2008;Tay, Ting, Tse, and Warachka, 2009;Lin and Ke, 2011). The third is related to the bias in the theoretical underpinnings of PIN (e.g., see Collin-Dufresne and Fos, 2015; Duarte et al, 2015;Back, Crotty, and Li, 2016).…”