Identify capacity fading mechanism in a commercial LiFePO4 cell

Dubarry, Matthieu; Liaw, Bor Yann

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.05.036

Cited by 527 publications

(283 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…There are three potential plateaus located at 3.24 V (3.16 V), 3.33 V (3.26 V), and 3.37 V (3.31 V) on charge (discharge). These three portions are the result of the difference between the potential plateau of the LFP cathode (3.43 V corresponding to Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ redox couple in LFP [23]) and the different potential stages of the graphite anode [29]. The flat portion at high cell potential Storage at SOC nom =65%…”

Section: Pitt Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is safe, because of a high thermal stability, and has a low toxicity and a low cost compared to cathodes such as LiCoO 2 . Several aging studies concerned with life performance of LFP-based cells are found in the literature [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dubarry et al [29] combined the differential-capacity analysis and SOC tracing of the cell at 600 cycles and concluded that aging mainly results from the formation of a Li-consuming SEI layer at the graphite electrode. Some authors suggested that the cathode is the main contributor to capacity fade.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Calendar aging of a graphite/LiFePO4 cell

Kassem

Bernard

Revel

et al. 2012

Journal of Power Sources

266

120

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Graphite/LFP commercial cells are stored under 3 different conditions of temperature (30°C, 45°C, and 60°C) and SOC (30, 65, and 100%) during up to 8 months. Several non-destructive electrochemical tests are performed at different storage times in order to understand calendar aging phenomena. After storage, all the cells except those stored at 30°C exhibited capacity fade. The extent of capacity fade strongly increases with storage temperature and to a lesser extent with the state of charge. From in-depth data analysis, cyclable lithium loss was identified as the main source of capacity fade. This loss arises from side reactions taking place at the anode, e.g. solvent decomposition leading to the growth of the solid electrolyte interphase. However, the existence of reversible capacity loss also suggests the presence of side reactions occurring at the cathode, which are less prominent than those at the anode. The analyses do not show any evidence about active-material loss in the electrodes. The cells do not suffer substantial change in internal resistance. According to EIS analysis, the overall impedance increase is 70% or less.

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Section: Pitt Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Calendar aging of a graphite/LiFePO4 cell

Kassem

Bernard

Revel

et al. 2012

Journal of Power Sources

266

120

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“…Omar et al [10] used the cycle life tests defined within the International Standard IEC 62660-1 [11] and ISO 12405-2 [12] to determine the cycle life of a cell intended for passenger vehicle use. Further, Dubarry et al utilised a dynamic stress test, described within [13], in a cycle life evaluation to determine the rate of change and nature of battery degradation within a passenger vehicles [14,15], providing further evidence that battery degradation is a function of usage profiles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Duty-cycle characterisation of large-format automotive lithium ion pouch cells for high performance vehicle applications

Kellner

Worwood

Barai

et al. 2018

Journal of Energy Storage

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A B S T R A C TThe long-term behaviour of lithium ion batteries in high-performance (HP) electric vehicle (EV) applications is not well understood due to a lack of suitable testing cycles and experimental data. As such a generic HP duty cycle (HP-C), representing driving on a race track is validated, and six NMC graphite cells are characterised with respect to cycle-life. To enable a comparison between the HP-EV environment and conventional road driving, two test groups of cells are subject to an experimental evaluation over 200 duty cycles that includes a representative HP-C and a standard duty cycle from the IEC 62660-1 standard (IECC). After testing, both test groups display increased energy capacity, increased pure Ohmic resistance, lower charge transfer resistance an extended OCV operating window. The changes are more pronounced for cells subject to the HP-C. Based on capacity tests, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), pseudo-OCV tests, and Pulse Multisine Characterisation, it is concluded that the changes in cell characteristics are most likely caused by cracking of the electrode material caused by high electrical current pulses. With continued cycling, cells cycled with the HP-C are expected to show degradation at an increased rate due to raised temperatures, and more pronounced electrode cracking.

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“…3,4 We also reported a diagnostic and prognostic approach to identify and quantify cell-aging mechanisms in the course of cycle aging for a number of cell chemistries. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] To enable these methodologies, the SOC determination is the most vital component among all for accurate operation of the battery management system (BMS). 1 In our latest work, 12 we showed that the most accurate method to obtain the SOC of a battery pack is either by measuring the residual capacity (Q res ) against the maximum pack capacity (Q max ); i.e.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

State-of-Charge Determination in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Based on Two-Point Measurements in Life

Dubarry

Truchot

Devie

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The state-of-charge (SOC) estimation is of extreme importance for the reliability and safety of battery operation. How to estimate SOC for an assembly of cells in a battery pack remains a subject of great interest. Here a viable method for SOC determination and tracking for multi-cell assemblies is proposed and validated. Using 3S1P (three in series and one in parallel) strings as an example, an inference of SOC is illustrated in a battery assembly based on a correct open pack voltage (OPV) versus SOC (i.e. OPV = f (SOC)) function. The proposed method only requires the measurements of the rest cell voltages of the single cells at two distinct occasions. Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIB) continue being considered viable choices for mobile power and energy storage applications. Yet, a reliable deployment of LIB in powertrains remains very challenging, primarily due to the requirements for reliable multi-cell assemblies to provide high energy and power. Better capability to characterize battery pack performance, identify aging mechanism, and perform state-of-charge (SOC) estimation is desired to achieve great efficiency.1,2 In our previous work, we devoted substantial effort to understand the behavior of cells in a pack and the impact of cell variability on pack performance. 3,4 We also reported a diagnostic and prognostic approach to identify and quantify cell-aging mechanisms in the course of cycle aging for a number of cell chemistries.5-11 To enable these methodologies, the SOC determination is the most vital component among all for accurate operation of the battery management system (BMS).1 In our latest work, 12 we showed that the most accurate method to obtain the SOC of a battery pack is either by measuring the residual capacity (Q res ) against the maximum pack capacity (Q max ); i.e. pack SOC = Q res /Q max , or by measuring the rest pack voltage (RPV) to infer SOC based on a SOC versus open pack voltage (OPV) function; i.e. pack SOC = f -1 (OPV). Both methods, however, suffer from their inoperability in practical applications, due to (1) in the case of capacity measurements, the uncertainty related to Q res in a duty cycle, (2) the fade in the Q max over lifetime, and (3) in the case of voltage-based measurements, the need for accurate OPV across the full SOC range. Therefore, a simple and practical method for SOC estimation remains very desirable.For a single cell (SC), the open circuit voltage (OCV) versus SOC function is often preferred for SOC determination because in principle, and at the beginning-of-life (BOL) of the cell, the sc SOC = f -1 (OCV) function is universal for cells of the same chemistry, disregarding size or geometry.3 Therefore, this OCV = f(SOC) function only needs to be determined once and for all from a single cell of a specific design. Upon aging, uncertainties to this OCV = f(SOC) function are introduced due to aging-pathway dependence.6 Such variations could be predicted as a function of duty cycle characteristics using the mechanistic model reported in our prior work. 5...

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Identify capacity fading mechanism in a commercial LiFePO4 cell

Cited by 527 publications

References 24 publications

Calendar aging of a graphite/LiFePO4 cell

Calendar aging of a graphite/LiFePO4 cell

Duty-cycle characterisation of large-format automotive lithium ion pouch cells for high performance vehicle applications

State-of-Charge Determination in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Based on Two-Point Measurements in Life

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