Identification, Pathogenicity, and Fungicide Sensitivity of Ascochyta caulina (Teleomorph: Neocamarosporium calvescens) Associated with Black Stem on Quinoa in China
Abstract:Quinoa black stem is a new disease that affects the stems of quinoa plants and is more likely to develop under cool conditions (15 to 25°C, RH = 55 ± 2%). The typical symptoms include the formation of black necrotic lesions on the stem, which can completely wrap around the stem, causing lodging and blanking (development of ‘empty’ and sterile grain on the panicle). Furthermore, the pycnidia form small round protrusions on the surface of the lesions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that representative isolates L… Show more
“…It has been established in the genus Neocamarosporium Crous and Wingfield in 2014, which comprises 15 species, including N. betae , N. chenopodii , and N. calvescens. These species share the same large phylogenetic branch with N. calvescens [ 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 ]. Ascohyta caulina in its asexual form belongs to the family Didymellaceae and has often been confused with A. hyalospora [ 137 ].…”
Section: Ascomycete Fungimentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These species share the same large phylogenetic branch with N. calvescens [ 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 ]. Ascohyta caulina in its asexual form belongs to the family Didymellaceae and has often been confused with A. hyalospora [ 137 ]. Previously, it has also been found to infect eight species of Atriplex and eight species of Chenopodium , including C. album [ 138 ].…”
Section: Ascomycete Fungimentioning
confidence: 99%
“…They are 162 × 134 μm in size, on average. Conidia are elliptical or fusiform, light brown, oblong at the top and flat at the base, and measure 17 × 6 μm on average [ 137 ]. Conidia usually have one septum, which is erect or curved ( Figure 14 D).…”
Section: Ascomycete Fungimentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Detached inoculated leaves of C. quinoa developed visible symptoms 8 dpi and were grayish white. However, necrotic lesions are rarely seen on the leaves in the field [ 137 ] ( Figure 14 A).…”
The journey of the Andean crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) to unfamiliar environments and the combination of higher temperatures, sudden changes in weather, intense precipitation, and reduced water in the soil has increased the risk of observing new and emerging diseases associated with this crop. Several diseases of quinoa have been reported in the last decade. These include Ascochyta caulina, Cercospora cf. chenopodii, Colletotrichum nigrum, C. truncatum, and Pseudomonas syringae. The taxonomy of other diseases remains unclear or is characterized primarily at the genus level. Symptoms, microscopy, and pathogenicity, supported by molecular tools, constitute accurate plant disease diagnostics in the 21st century. Scientists and farmers will benefit from an update on the phytopathological research regarding a crop that has been neglected for many years. This review aims to compile the existing information and make accurate associations between specific symptoms and causal agents of disease. In addition, we place an emphasis on downy mildew and its phenotyping, as it continues to be the most economically important and studied disease affecting quinoa worldwide. The information herein will allow for the appropriate execution of breeding programs and control measures.
“…It has been established in the genus Neocamarosporium Crous and Wingfield in 2014, which comprises 15 species, including N. betae , N. chenopodii , and N. calvescens. These species share the same large phylogenetic branch with N. calvescens [ 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 ]. Ascohyta caulina in its asexual form belongs to the family Didymellaceae and has often been confused with A. hyalospora [ 137 ].…”
Section: Ascomycete Fungimentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These species share the same large phylogenetic branch with N. calvescens [ 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 ]. Ascohyta caulina in its asexual form belongs to the family Didymellaceae and has often been confused with A. hyalospora [ 137 ]. Previously, it has also been found to infect eight species of Atriplex and eight species of Chenopodium , including C. album [ 138 ].…”
Section: Ascomycete Fungimentioning
confidence: 99%
“…They are 162 × 134 μm in size, on average. Conidia are elliptical or fusiform, light brown, oblong at the top and flat at the base, and measure 17 × 6 μm on average [ 137 ]. Conidia usually have one septum, which is erect or curved ( Figure 14 D).…”
Section: Ascomycete Fungimentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Detached inoculated leaves of C. quinoa developed visible symptoms 8 dpi and were grayish white. However, necrotic lesions are rarely seen on the leaves in the field [ 137 ] ( Figure 14 A).…”
The journey of the Andean crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) to unfamiliar environments and the combination of higher temperatures, sudden changes in weather, intense precipitation, and reduced water in the soil has increased the risk of observing new and emerging diseases associated with this crop. Several diseases of quinoa have been reported in the last decade. These include Ascochyta caulina, Cercospora cf. chenopodii, Colletotrichum nigrum, C. truncatum, and Pseudomonas syringae. The taxonomy of other diseases remains unclear or is characterized primarily at the genus level. Symptoms, microscopy, and pathogenicity, supported by molecular tools, constitute accurate plant disease diagnostics in the 21st century. Scientists and farmers will benefit from an update on the phytopathological research regarding a crop that has been neglected for many years. This review aims to compile the existing information and make accurate associations between specific symptoms and causal agents of disease. In addition, we place an emphasis on downy mildew and its phenotyping, as it continues to be the most economically important and studied disease affecting quinoa worldwide. The information herein will allow for the appropriate execution of breeding programs and control measures.
“…Then, the purified strain was inoculated on a PDA plate and stored at 4 °C67 . After dark culture at 25 °C for 1 week, DNA was extracted from the fungal isolates, and sequencing was conducted by Shanghai Personal Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).…”
Spikelet rot disease (SRD) is an emerging disease of the grain surface of naked oat in China that affects both grain yield and quality. The typical symptom is discoloration from the black structures of the causal fungi. Here, we investigated the fungal communities on the grain surfaces of cultivar Bayou 13 grown in ten ecological oat-producing regions of China, to identify the main pathogens of naked oat SRD. Our results showed that the growth of Alternaria spp. and Davidiella spp. exhibited a competitive relationship and was mainly affected by the elevations of all 10 ecological regions. The dominant pathogens were Davidiella spp. in Shannan Prefecture in Tibet and Haidong Prefecture in Qinghai Province and Alternaria spp. in the other eight regions. The ratios of black pathogens of interest to all pathogens in Shannan Prefecture and Haidong Prefecture were significantly lower than those of the other eight regions, thus indicating that SRD mainly occurred in regions below 2000 m (elevation). We isolated black fungal pathogens from grain surfaces and deduced that they were Alternaria spp. by sequence comparison. The blackened appearance of the grain surfaces was more evident under spray inoculation with a spore suspension of Alternaria than under the control in greenhouse experiments. The recovered pathogen was the same as the pathogen used for inoculation. We thus concluded that Alternaria alone causes naked oat SRD and mainly infects naked oat in regions below 2000 m, which provides a basis for the recognition and management of SRD of naked oat.
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