Identification of weathered oils

Brakstad, Frode; Grahl‐Nielsen, Otto

doi:10.1016/0025-326x(88)90427-4

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…As an example, Table 4 The ratios of C23/C24, Ts/Tm, and C29 R -/C30 R -hopane have been used in recent years for the purposes of source identification and differentiation of oils, monitoring and evaluation of oil weathering, and degradation under a variety of conditions (9,10,(28)(29)(30)(31)(32). (c) The ratios of five pairs of target terpane compounds (C 23/C24, Ts/Tm, C29/C30, C32 22S/22R, and C33 22S/22R) are almost the same for most samples.…”

Section: Figure 3 Gc/sim/ms Distribution Chromatograms Of Alkylated mentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the 25-Year-Old Nipisi Oil Spill: Persistence of Oil Residues and Comparisons between Surface and Subsurface Sediments

Wang

Fingas

Blenkinsopp

et al. 1998

Environ. Sci. Technol.

112

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During the years 1970-1972 the Nipisi, Rainbow, and Old Peace River pipeline spills occurred in the Lesser Slave Lake area of northern Alberta. The Nipisi spill was by far the largest of the three spills and is also one of the largest land spills in Canadian history. The most recent field survey was conducted in 1995 in order to determine which cleanup methods were most successful and to provide up-todate information about any changes in residual oil and vegetative recovery 25 years after the spills. The comprehensive chemical analysis data of the Nipisi samples indicate that (a) the Nipisi samples can be categorized into three groups plus the background group, according to the contamination level and degradation degree of the samples; (b) degradation of residual oil of surface samples (0-4 cm) had clearly occurred, and the weathered percentages of this group of samples were estimated to be in the range of 15-43%; (c) subsurface samples (10-40 cm) exhibited great quantities of oil even 25 years after the spills, indicating that the natural recovery rates were slow for this group of samples; (d) the extent of contamination and degree of degradation correlated strongly with sample depth; (e) oil trends were similar across the site, even though different treatments had been used after the spill at the site.

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Section: Figure 3 Gc/sim/ms Distribution Chromatograms Of Alkylated mentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the 25-Year-Old Nipisi Oil Spill: Persistence of Oil Residues and Comparisons between Surface and Subsurface Sediments

Wang

Fingas

Blenkinsopp

et al. 1998

Environ. Sci. Technol.

112

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“…Aromatic hydrocarbons are significantly affected by water washing, oxidative processes, and weathering (Gundlach et al, 1983;Brakstad & Grahl-Nielsen, 1988). Weathering causes a progressive loss of lowermolecular-weight PAHs (i.e.…”

Section: (S) 13~(h)17ct(h)-diacholestane (20s) (C27); A(r) 1313(h)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrocarbons in oil residues on beaches of islands of Prince William Sound, Alaska

Kvenvolden

Hostettler

Rapp

et al. 1993

Marine Pollution Bulletin

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Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were measured on oil residues from beaches on six islands in Prince William Sound, Alaska. In addition to altered products from the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989, we also found, at two widely separated locations, residues that are similar to each other but chemically distinct from the spilled oil. Terpanes, steranes, monoaromatic steranes, and carbon isotopic compositions of total extracts were most useful in correlating the altered products of the spilled oil. These same parameters revealed that the two non-Valdez samples are likely residues of oil originally produced in California. The results indicate that oil residues currently on the beaches of this estuary have at least two quite different origins.

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“…Aromatic hydrocarbons in crude oil are significantly more affected by water-washing, oxidative processes, and weathering than are the aliphatic hydrocarbons due to their higher solubility in water and higher reactivities, and they disappear rapidly from weathered oil (Gundlach and others, 1983;Brakstad and Grahl-Nielsen, 1988). Therefore, it is not unexpected that we could find no aromatic oil signature in the offshore sediments because the aromatic constituents of the crude oil have probably been lost or fractionated out of any oil residues deposited in these sediments.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sediment of Prince William Sound, beach to deep fjord floor, a year after the Exxon Valdez oil spill

Carlson¹

1991

Open-File Report

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Prince William Sound, located adjacent to the Gulf of Alaska (Fig. 1), is underlain by early Tertiary flysch-like, deep-sea fan sedimentary and tholeiitic submarine volcanic rocks of All samples collected from the DAVIDSON in 1990 and five samples from the FAR-NELLA in 1989 were analyzed for percents of gravel, sand, silt, and clay; the coarse fractions (>62p,) were scanned for rough estimates of composition (Table 3). Size data also were obtained from two cores collected for 210Pb analyses in 1989 (Table 3). The sediment sizes and compositions characterize four different environments in the spill trajectory area; morainal ridges, island slopes, and deep basin floors in Prince William Sound and the exposed continental shelf of the Gulf of Alaska. The coarsest of these types is a diamict that forms numerous morainal ridges located throughout the sound. These diamicts are gravelly, muddy sand and sandy mud (F89-1, D90-8, D90-9) containing subangular pebbles and cobbles to 4 cm in diameter and minor amounts of shells and microfossil tests (Table 3). Two other environments also contain coarse sediment. The deeper parts of island slopes contain gravelly, sandy mud with abundant diatoms (D90-6) and the shallower parts consist of angular rock fragments, and subangular gravel to sandy, shelly mud (see next section). The Gulf of Alaska inner shelf environment, represented by samples F89-17 and 18, consists of gravelly muddy sand or sandy mud with mineral grains and rock fragments dominant over shell fragments and microfossils. The samples collected in the deeper parts of the sound, 200-500 m water depth, consist of silty clay (55-80% clay size particles) rich in diatoms (Table 3). Foraminifers, silicoflagellates, and sponge spicules vary from common to sparse in the sand and silt fractions of the deep-water samples. B. Beaches and Shallow Water Sites Working in the smaller bays and very shallow waters in 1990, we chose several areas that had been heavily impacted by the spilled oil. In this subsection we will describe the beach and shallow water sites, beginning in the southwestern part of Prince William Sound and extending toward the northeast along the path of the oil toward the point of the spill. Tombolo Bay A sheltered embayment on the north side of Elrington Island that we unofficially will call "Tombolo Bay" (Fig. 4a) was oiled on day 7 (March 30, 1989) of the spill, because complex tide and current effects resulted in diversion of some oil from the main spill trajectory (Gait and others, 1991). Neff and others (1990) reported the highest concentration of volatile organic hydrocarbons measured from this spill to be 25|ig/L in a water sample from 9 m depth off western Elrington Island on 4/7/89. Oil that washed into "Tombolo Bay" covered a beach area of 690 m2 (Owens, 1991). Owens further reports that by September, 1990, the oiled area was reduced to 28 m2. When we visited that area in August of 1990, we found and sampled a distinct oily-looking and-smelling band of sediment at the south end of the tombolo, at the h...

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Identification of weathered oils

Cited by 26 publications

References 10 publications

Study of the 25-Year-Old Nipisi Oil Spill: Persistence of Oil Residues and Comparisons between Surface and Subsurface Sediments

Study of the 25-Year-Old Nipisi Oil Spill: Persistence of Oil Residues and Comparisons between Surface and Subsurface Sediments

Hydrocarbons in oil residues on beaches of islands of Prince William Sound, Alaska

Sediment of Prince William Sound, beach to deep fjord floor, a year after the Exxon Valdez oil spill

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