Identification of Volatile Sulfur Compounds Produced by Schizophyllum commune

Abstract

Schizophyllum commune is a causative agent of allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis, allergic fungal rhinosinusitis, and basidiomycosis. Diagnosis of these diseases remains difficult because no commercially available tool exists to identify the pathogen. Unique volatile organic compounds produced by a pathogen might be useful for non-invasive diagnosis. Here, we explored microbial volatile organic compounds produced by S. commune. Volatile sulfur compounds, dimethyl disulfide (48 of 49 strains) and methyl ethyl disulfide (49 of 49 strains), diethyl disulfide (34 of 49 strains), dimethyl trisulfide (40 of 49 strains), and dimethyl tetrasulfide (32 of 49 strains) were detected from headspace air in S. commune cultured vials. Every S. commune strain produced at least one volatile sulfur compound analyzed in this study. Those volatile sulfur compounds were not detected from the cultures of Aspergillus spp. (A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, and A. terreus), which are other major causative agents of allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis. The last, we examined H2S detection using lead acetate paper. Headspace air from S. commune rapidly turned the lead acetate paper black. These results suggest that those volatile sulfur compounds are potent targets for the diagnosis of S. commune and infectious diseases.

Clinical characteristics of allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis caused by Schizophyllum commune

“…First, there were no serological tests for S. In addition, we recently identified volatile organic compounds specifically produced by S. commune, which may improve the detection rate of S. commune in culture. 24 Two-thirds of the cases with ABPM-Sc presented with A. fumigatus-specific IgE in the present study. Cross-reactivity to crude allergen extracts from different fungi is often observed 25,26 although it is still unknown whether S. commune contains antigens that crossreact with A. fumigatus.…”

“…The usefulness of the new diagnostic criteria and the development and standardization of ELISA for S. commune ‐specific IgE and IgG would enhance the awareness of ABPM‐Sc in other regions of the world 9,10 . In addition, we recently identified volatile organic compounds specifically produced by S. commune , which may improve the detection rate of S. commune in culture 24 …”

“… 9 , 10 In addition, we recently identified volatile organic compounds specifically produced by S. commune , which may improve the detection rate of S. commune in culture. 24 …”

Diversity and Antimicrobial Activity of Intestinal Fungi from Three Species of Coral Reef Fish

“…Among the fungal isolates with broad antimicrobial activity, S. commune SCAU255 exhibited extensive and high-intensity antibacterial activity [ 58 ]. As a widespread edible fungus with distribution on almost every continent except Antarctica, S. commune produces the neutral extracellular polysaccharide lytic polysaccharide, consisting of a 1,6-β-d-glucosyl side group and a 1,3-β-d-linked glucose residue backbone, with remarkable anticancer and antitumor activity and good immunomodulatory activity, yet it is less frequently found in seawater [ 59 , 60 ]. In previous studies, isolates of S. commune found in marine sediments showed biological activity inconsistent with continental isolates, and it was hypothesized that isolates from marine sources might have unique biological characteristics that assist them in adapting to extreme seafloor environments [ 61 ].…”

Fungi for the production of new types of biomaterials

“…The also tested S. commune strain provided comparable growth results then T. versicolor. However, under all conditions in which S. commune grew on the substrates, after about 4 days of growth it produced an unpleasant smell, probably due to sulfuric compounds reported before for the fungus (Toyotome et al, 2021), which disappeared after 6-7 days.…”