Identification of volatile components in the headspace of pharmaceutical-grade fentanyl

Vaughan, Stephanie R.; DeGreeff, Lauryn E.; Forte, Leann; Holness, H.; Furton, Kenneth G.

doi:10.1016/j.forc.2021.100331

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…[66] To this end, the development of algorithms geared toward machine-learning for the establishment of analyses capable of linking a sample to its synthetic pathway have been foci of intense research efforts. [67][68][69][70][71][72][73] This emerging field, rapidly developing in analytical chemistry, has found significant application particularly in the forensic analysis of samples associated not only with fentanyls but other chemical warfare agents. [74][75][76][77][78] Throughout this review, great effort has been placed in providing a brief introduction of the synthetic methods used to construct the discussed fentanyls as well as clear schematics that describe these pathways.…”

Section: Fentanyl: the Flagship Synthetic Opioidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Synthetic Opioids Belonging to the Fentanyl Class: A Review

Valdez

2021

Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The rising number of deaths caused by fentanyl overdosing in the US due to the overwhelming illicit use of this synthetic opioid has started a global campaign to develop efficient ways to control its production and distribution as well as discovering efficient antidotes to mitigate its lethal effects. Another important vein of focused research established by various agencies lies in the development of efficient and practical protocols for the detection of this opioid and analogs thereof in various matrices, whether environmental or biological in nature, particularly in the field of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The following review will cover the literature dealing with the detection and identification of synthetic opioids belonging to the fentanyl class by GC-MS means and hyphenated versions of the technique. Detailed descriptions will be given for the GC-MS methods employed for the analysis of the opioid, starting with the nature of the extraction protocol employed prior to analysis to the actual findings presented by the cited reports. Great effort has gone into describing the methods involved in each paper in a detailed manner and these have been compiled by year in tables at the end of each section for the reader's convenience. Lastly, the review will end with concluding remarks about the state of GC-MS analysis with regards to these powerful opioids and what lies ahead for this analytical field.

show abstract

Section: Fentanyl: the Flagship Synthetic Opioidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Synthetic Opioids Belonging to the Fentanyl Class: A Review

Valdez

2021

Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The area was cleaned with alcohol wipes. Used wipes and gloves were disposed of as hazardous waste 15 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this regard, N ‐phenylpropanamide (NPPA) was recently identified as a target analyte for detection of fentanyl in the vapor phase 14 . NPPA is formed through fragmentation of fentanyl via β ‐elimination and has been identified as a chemical marker in the synthetic route of fentanyl as well as a degradant 15 . The non‐contact detection method was developed by first determining the peak in the plasmagram associated with NPPA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14 NPPA is formed through fragmentation of fentanyl via β-elimination and has been identified as a chemical marker in the synthetic route of fentanyl as well as a degradant. 15 The non-contact detection method was developed by first determining the peak in the plasmagram associated with NPPA. Peak identification was used to program an alarm for NPPA onto the field-portable IMS for the detection of fentanyl.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Non‐contact detection of fentanyl by a field‐portable ion mobility spectrometer

Fulton

Vaughan

DeGreeff

2022

Drug Testing and Analysis

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Rapid on-site detection of fentanyl is paramount for the safety of law enforcement and other first responders. Due to the opioid epidemic, death by overdose is at an all-time high with fentanyl adulteration as the main assailant. Providing a userfriendly method for the presumptive detection of fentanyl will increase safety for first responders. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) provides a quick, affordable, and accurate method for detecting fentanyl. Currently, most methods for detecting fentanyl require manipulation or handling of the highly potent substance. A recent comparative analysis study on the headspace of fentanyl determined N-phenylpropanamide (NPPA) a target analyte for fentanyl enabling vapor detection. Here, we demonstrate the development of a handheld IMS method for vapor detection of the target analyte for fentanyl. An alarm was programmed into the handheld IMS device for the detection of NPPA. The system was able to accurately detect NPPA in samples of reference-grade fentanyl and diluted reference-grade fentanyl, as well as 3.67 mg of fentanyl from samples confiscated from the US border. Common adulterants and over-the-counter drugs were tested and resulted in a false alarm rate of 0 for substances sampled. The limit of detection was determined to be as low as 5 ng of NPPA. Overall, the development of this user-friendly, non-contact method has considerable promise for near real-time non-contact detection of fentanyl increasing safety of first responders.

show abstract

“…Here, again the fentanyl is typically present as a free base, making analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) more feasible. One study explored fentanyl outside of human breath or body fluid samples in a series of studies with SPME-GC-MS, identifying several breakdown products, but was unable to identify fentanyl in the headspace [7]. While these studies are useful, no one has yet identified a method for detecting fentanyl in the headspace above forensic samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of fentanyl HCl powder prior to and after systematic degradation

Ciesielski

Simon

Welch

et al. 2022

Journal of Forensic Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Fentanyl HCl is of particular interest in forensic cases but there is a notable gap in literature regarding its analysis. This study utilized a multi-method approach to characterize fentanyl HCl powder, both fresh and following a forced degradation process. Using sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS) and direct injection gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), five

show abstract

Identification of volatile components in the headspace of pharmaceutical-grade fentanyl

Cited by 10 publications

References 7 publications

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Synthetic Opioids Belonging to the Fentanyl Class: A Review

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Synthetic Opioids Belonging to the Fentanyl Class: A Review

Non‐contact detection of fentanyl by a field‐portable ion mobility spectrometer

Characterization of fentanyl HCl powder prior to and after systematic degradation

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About