Identification of the second gonadotropin-releasing hormone in chicken hypothalamus: evidence that gonadotropin secretion is probably controlled by two distinct gonadotropin-releasing hormones in avian species.

Miyamoto, Kaoru; Hasegawa, Yoshihisa; Nomura, Mitsuo; Igarashi, Masao; Kangawa, Kenji; Matsuo, Hisayuki

doi:10.1073/pnas.81.12.3874

Cited by 376 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In non-mammalian vertebrates, it became evident that three structural variants of GnRH were present in individual species (107,108). A similar situation seems to exist in mammals.…”

Section: Gnrh-ii and Its Receptormentioning

confidence: 86%

Biology of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone system in gynecological cancers

Gründker

Gunthert

Westphalen

et al. 2002

European Journal of Endocrinology

155

139

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The expression of GnRH and its receptor as a part of an autocrine regulatory system of cell proliferation has been demonstrated in a number of human malignant tumors, including cancers of the breast, ovary and endometrium. Dose-dependent antiproliferative effects of GnRH agonists in cell lines derived from these cancers have been observed by various investigators. GnRH antagonists also have marked antiproliferative activity in most breast, ovarian and endometrial cancer cell lines tested, indicating that the dichotomy of GnRH agonists and antagonists might not apply to the GnRH system in cancer cells. The classical GnRH receptor signal-transduction mechanisms, known to operate in the pituitary, are not involved in the mediation of antiproliferative effects of GnRH analogs in cancer cells. Rather, the GnRH receptor interacts with the mitogenic signal transduction of growth factor receptors and related oncogene products associated with tyrosine kinase activity, via activation of a phosphotyrosine phosphatase, resulting in downregulation of cancer cell proliferation. In addition, GnRH activates nuclear factor kB and protects the cancer cells from apoptosis. Furthermore, GnRH induces activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathway independent of the known AP-1 activators, protein kinase or mitogen activated protein kinase.

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“…In non-mammalian vertebrates, it became evident that three structural variants of GnRH were present in individual species (107,108). A similar situation seems to exist in mammals.…”

Section: Gnrh-ii and Its Receptormentioning

confidence: 86%

Biology of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone system in gynecological cancers

Gründker

Gunthert

Westphalen

et al. 2002

European Journal of Endocrinology

155

139

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“…The neuropeptide control of gonadotropin secretion is primarily through the stimulatory action of the hypothalamic decapeptide GnRH (33)(34)(35) in birds. Although studies of the different forms of GnRH and its receptors have revealed a wealth of information as to their function, an inhibitory hypothalamic neuropeptide for gonadotropin release has, until recently, remained unknown.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melatonin induces the expression of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone in the avian brain

Ubuka

Bentley

Ukena

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

292

248

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We recently identified a novel hypothalamic neuropeptide inhibiting gonadotropin release in quail and termed it gonadotropininhibitory hormone (GnIH). Cell bodies and terminals containing the dodecapeptide GnIH are localized in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and median eminence, respectively. To understand the physiological role of GnIH, we investigated the mechanisms that regulate GnIH expression. In this study, we show that melatonin originating from the pineal gland and eyes induces GnIH expression in the quail brain. Pinealectomy (Px) combined with orbital enucleation (Ex) (Px plus Ex) decreased the expression of GnIH precursor mRNA and content of mature GnIH peptide in the diencephalon, which includes the PVN and median eminence. Melatonin administration to Px plus Ex birds caused a dosedependent increase in expression of GnIH precursor mRNA and production of mature peptide. The expression of GnIH was photoperiodically controlled and increased under short-day photoperiods, when the duration of melatonin secretion increases. To identify the mode of melatonin action on GnIH induction, we investigated the expression of Mel 1c, a melatonin receptor subtype, in GnIH neurons. In situ hybridization of Mel1c mRNA combined with immunocytochemistry for GnIH revealed that Mel 1c mRNA was expressed in GnIH-immunoreactive neurons in the PVN. Melatonin receptor autoradiography further revealed specific binding of melatonin in the PVN. These results indicate that melatonin is a key factor for GnIH induction. Melatonin appears to act directly on GnIH neurons through its receptor to induce GnIH expression. This is the first demonstration, to our knowledge, of a direct action of melatonin on neuropeptide induction in any vertebrate class. melatonin receptor ͉ photoperiod ͉ reproduction

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“…Burgus et al 1972, Miyamoto et al 1984, Sherwood et al 1986, Hayes et al 1994, cDNAs isolated from roach-encoded peptides with tripartite structures. Both sGnRH and cGnRH-II precursor mRNA encodes a signal peptide, the GnRH and a GnRH associated peptide (GAP).…”

Section: Localisation and General Structure Of The Gnrh Precursormentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and characterisation of mRNA encoding the salmon- and chicken-II type gonadotrophin-releasing hormones in the teleost fish Rutilus rutilus (Cyprinidae)

Penlington

Williams²,

Sumpter³

et al. 1997

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

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The complementary DNAs (cDNA) encoding the [Trp 7 ,Leu 8 ]-gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (salmon-type GnRH; sGnRH:GeneBank accession no. u60667) and the [His 5 ,Trp 7 ,Tyr 8 ]-GnRH (chicken-II-type GnRH; cGnRH-II: GeneBank accession no. u60668) precursor in the roach (Rutilus rutilus) were isolated and sequenced following reverse transcription and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The sGnRH and cGnRH-II precursor cDNAs consisted of 439 and 628 bp, and included open reading frames of 282 and 255 bp respectively. The structures of the encoded peptides were the same as GnRHs previously identified in other vertebrates. The sGnRH and cGnRH-II precursor cDNAs, including the non-coding regions, had 88·6 and 79·9% identity respectively, to those identified in goldfish (Carassius auratus). However, significant similarity was not observed between the non-coding regions of the GnRH cDNAs of Cyprinidae and other fish. The presumed third exon, encoding partial sGnRH associated peptide (GAP) of roach, demonstrated significant nucleotide and amino acid similarity with the appropriate regions in the goldfish, but not with other species, and this may indicate functional differences of GAP between different families of fish. cGnRH-II precursor cDNAs from roach had relatively high nucleotide similarity across this GnRH variant. Cladistic analysis classified the sGnRH and cGnRH-II precursor cDNAs into three and two groups respectively. However, the divergence between nucleotide sequences within the sGnRH variant was greater than those encoding the cGnRH-II precursors. Consistent with the consensus developed from previous studies, Northern blot analysis demonstrated that expression of sGnRH and cGnRH-II was restricted to the olfactory bulbs and midbrain of roach respectively. This work forms the basis for further study on the mechanisms by which the tapeworm, Ligula intestinalis, interacts with the pituitary-gonadal axis of its fish host.

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Identification of the second gonadotropin-releasing hormone in chicken hypothalamus: evidence that gonadotropin secretion is probably controlled by two distinct gonadotropin-releasing hormones in avian species.

Cited by 376 publications

References 15 publications

Biology of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone system in gynecological cancers

Biology of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone system in gynecological cancers

Melatonin induces the expression of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone in the avian brain

Isolation and characterisation of mRNA encoding the salmon- and chicken-II type gonadotrophin-releasing hormones in the teleost fish Rutilus rutilus (Cyprinidae)

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