Identification of the Nitrogen Sources in the Eocene Aquifer Area (Palestine)

Abstract

Groundwater is the main source of water in many countries all over the world. Prevention of the pollution of this source is essential for a sustainable utilization. Nitrate pollution of groundwater is a common problem due to the association between intensive agriculture to achieve food security and fertilization. For an efficient management of groundwater pollution from nitrate, the first step would be to quantify the different sources of nitrogen in the aquifer of concern. This paper aims at demonstrating a general approach based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to characterize the spatial distribution of the nitrogen amounts in the area of the Eocene aquifer (Palestine). The aquifer is heavily utilized for agricultural and domestic water supply. Fertilization in the study area is a widespread practice. As a result, the aquifer is undergoing a nitrate pollution problem. The methodology relies mainly on specifying all the sources of nitrogen in the aquifer area using GIS to account for spatiality. Thereafter, GIS attribute tables and Excel spreadsheets were utilized to quantify the magnitudes of nitrogen from the different sources. Maps of the corresponding on-ground nitrate, ammonium, organic nitrogen and total nitrogen were developed for the study area. The results indicate that the total on-ground annual nitrogen loading in the study area is about 3260 tons of which 38% is attributed to fertilizers (chemical and manure) where the dominant form of nitrogen is NH4 (58.3%). The average total on-ground nitrogen loading is 7028 kg-N/km2·year. The estimated annual nitrate leaching to the aquifer is 1968 kg-N/km2. The areas of high sources of nitrogen have long-term impacts on the degradation of the water quality of the aquifer. It is therefore essential to build up on the outcomes of this work and to develop a nitrate fate and transport model for the Eocene aquifer. This model will enable the stakeholders to arrive at the efficient alternatives to manage the nitrate contamination of the aquifer.

GIS-Based Spatiotemporal Mapping of Groundwater Potability and Palatability Indices in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas

“…Various research works confirmed and discussed this negative outcome [48]. On-ground contaminants are easily infiltrated and leached to the shallow wells, whereas deep wells are more protected [2]. Infiltrated contaminated water follows mixing processes through its way to deep wells.…”

“…Agrochemical applications could be the main reason for groundwater contamination [72]. Farmers extensively use agrochemicals to enhance their food production and to maximize their profits [2]. The best water potability was recorded under rough grazing.…”

“…RFA is widely applied in life science for classifying the importance of influencing factors [60]. It can characterize features' importance at all multivariate interactions included in algorithm [2].…”

“…Groundwater forms a major source of potable water for many countries in the world [1,2]. It has been naturally purified by the infiltration process.…”

“…The groundwater quality in the West Bank, Palestine, has deteriorated due to the weak sewer infrastructure, unmanaged human practices, and weak quality monitoring systems [2,48]. Various studies confirmed the groundwater contamination using descriptive and statistical methods [48][49][50].…”