Identification of the metabolites of n-hexane, cyclohexane, and their isomers in men's urine

Perbellini, Luigi; Brugnone, F; Pavan, I

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(80)90422-6

Cited by 84 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…For example, 2,5-hexanedione, a major metabolite found in the urine of humans exposed to n-hexane (Perbellini et al 1980) produces its first signs of injury in rat Sertoli cells (Boekelheide et al 2003). Exposure to ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, an organic solvent used in paints and printing inks, is known to cause testicular atrophy and impaired fertility by targeting proliferating primary spermatocytes (Chapin et al 1984) as well as neighboring Sertoli cells (Creasy et al 1986).…”

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confidence: 98%

PCNA indexing as a preclinical immunohistochemical biomarker for testicular toxicity

D’Andrea

Lawrence

Nagele

et al. 2008

Biotechnic & Histochemistry

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It is well known that toxicants such as cyclophosphamide and ethanol can have deleterious effects on normal spermatogenesis. End points such as testis weight and sperm counts have been used widely to assess gross structural and functional changes in testes resulting from toxicant exposure. Histopathological assessments are more sensitive measures of testicular health, but generally they are neither quantitative nor sensitive enough to detect early toxicity. Recently, immunolabeling cells with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) has been used to identify proliferating spermatogonia; however, there have been no systematic attempts to quantify these changes. We have developed a sensitive, reliable and quantitative assay using immunohistochemistry on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded rat testes to assess the degree of proliferation-related toxicity. An indexing scheme was derived based on the determination of radially positioned PCNA-positive cells within similarly staged seminiferous tubules presenting a single layer of PCNA-positive cells along the basement membrane of the basal tubular compartment. An average of 60 tubules in the testes were counted per animal. Our results show significant decreases in the PCNA index in rats treated with an experimental compound that has been shown to produce testicular histopathology. The analysis provides a quick, reliable, sensitive, and quantitative means for assessing early testicular toxicity. The assay has potential utility as an in vivo biomarker for detecting early testicular toxicity of experimental compounds in preclinical development as well as for refining follow-up compounds with reduced testicular toxicity.

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PCNA indexing as a preclinical immunohistochemical biomarker for testicular toxicity

D’Andrea

Lawrence

Nagele

et al. 2008

Biotechnic & Histochemistry

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“…Introduction 2,5-Hexanedione (2,5-HD) is well known as the main neurotoxic metabolite of methyl-n-butyl ketone and n-hexane, widely used as solvents in many industrial processes [1,2]. For investigation of the pathophysiology of neuropathies due to 2,5-HD and for identi®cation of the parts of the nervous system where it mostly exerts its toxic eects, several studies have been carried out [ 3± 5].…”

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Determination of urinary 2,5-hexanedione in the general Italian population

Bavazzano¹,

Apostoli

Balducci³

et al. 1998

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

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The distribution of 2,5-HD concentration was log-normal and the corresponding centiles at the 95% confidence interval were as follows: the 50th centile, 0.270 mg/l for men and 0.191 mg/l for women; the 75th centile, 0.352 and 0.330 mg/l, respectively, for men and women; and the 95th centile, 0.762 and 0.582 mg/l, respectively, for men and women. The reference value, calculated as the upper unilateral 95% tolerance interval at 95% of confidence, was 0.795 mg/l for men and 0.627 for women.

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“…7 Once inside an organism, n-hexane undergoes a complex biotransformation that leads to the production of 2,5-hexanedione as one of the major metabolites. 8,9 In individuals exposed to n-hexane, the resultant damage to the peripheral nervous system has been blamed on this particularly dangerous neurotoxin. 10,11 The concentration of 2,5-hexanedione in urine has been used as a biological monitor for workers exposed to n-hexane.…”

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Peripheral neuropathy and visual evoked potential changes in workers exposed to n-hexane

Kutlu

Gömceli

Sönmez

et al. 2009

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience

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Identification of the metabolites of n-hexane, cyclohexane, and their isomers in men's urine

Cited by 84 publications

References 21 publications

PCNA indexing as a preclinical immunohistochemical biomarker for testicular toxicity

PCNA indexing as a preclinical immunohistochemical biomarker for testicular toxicity

Determination of urinary 2,5-hexanedione in the general Italian population

Peripheral neuropathy and visual evoked potential changes in workers exposed to n-hexane

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