Identification of the HMMR Gene as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis

Abstract

Background. We aimed to investigate the expression of the hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (HMMR) gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and nonneoplastic tissues and to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic value of HMMR. Method. With the reuse of the publicly available The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data, 374 HCC patients and 50 nonneoplastic tissues were used to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic values of HMMR genes by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and survival analysis. All patients were divided into low- and high-expression groups based on the median value of HMMR expression level. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were used to identify prognostic factors. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to explore the potential mechanism of the HMMR genes involved in HCC. The diagnostic and prognostic values were further validated in an external cohort from the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC). Results. HMMR mRNA expression was significantly elevated in HCC tissues compared with that in normal tissues from both TCGA and the ICGC cohorts (all P values <0.001). Increased HMMR expression was significantly associated with histologic grade, pathological stage, and survival status (all P values <0.05). The area under the ROC curve for HMMR expression in HCC and normal tissues was 0.969 (95% CI: 0.948–0.983) in the TCGA cohort and 0.956 (95% CI: 0.932–0.973) in the ICGC cohort. Patients with high HMMR expression had a poor prognosis than patients with low expression group in both cohorts (all P < 0.001 ). Univariate and multivariate analysis also showed that HMMR is an independent predictor factor associated with overall survival in both cohorts (all P values <0.001). GSEA showed that genes upregulated in the high-HMMR HCC subgroup were mainly significantly enriched in the cell cycle pathway, pathways in cancer, and P53 signaling pathway. Conclusion. HMMR is expressed at high levels in HCC. HMMR overexpression may be an unfavorable prognostic factor for HCC.

NcRNA-Mediated High Expression of HMMR as a Prognostic Biomarker Correlated With Cell Proliferation and Cell Migration in Lung Adenocarcinoma

“…Our results are consistent with previous studies. HMMR was upregulated in some cancer tissues and was correlated with adverse clinicopathological features and poor prognosis ( 15 , 30 ).…”

Enhanced ZNF521 expression induces an aggressive phenotype in human ovarian carcinoma cell lines

“…More in depth, the data presented so far demonstrate that ZNF521 is able to regulate the expression of HMMR (Hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor) [56][57][58][59][60], CTSK (Cathepsin K) [61][62][63][64][65], SAMD9 (Sterile Alpha Motif Domain-Containing Protein 9) [66,67], AIMP1 (Aminoacyl-tRNA synthases interacting multi-functional protein 1) [68][69][70][71], PIBF1 (Progesterone-Induced Blocking Factor 1) [72][73][74][75], RB1CC1 (RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1) [76][77][78] and FXYD5 [79][80][81]. All these genes are well known to regulate tumour progression (proliferation, migration and metastasis) by regulating EMT pathway in cancers and are also linked to poor overall survival in different types of diseases.…”

Retracted: Identification of the HMMR Gene as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [ 1 ]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process: Discrepancies in scope Discrepancies in the description of the research reported Discrepancies between the availability of data and the research described Inappropriate citations Incoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the article Peer-review manipulation …”