Identification of the geographical origin of cheonggukjang by using fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
Abstract:This study was conducted to identify the geographical origin of soybeans in Cheonggukjang by analyzing its organic components and inorganic elements with Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIRS) and with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. For method development, 280 samples from various regions were collected and analyzed. The discriminant accuracy for the developed methods was 97.5% for FT-NIRS and 98.0% for ED-XRF with multivariate stat… Show more
“…In previous studies that used methods of inorganic content analysis, such as inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry or ED-XRF, the reported efficiency was 91.0-94.0%. Moreover, various statistical techniques were applied based on the concentration of 4-8 types of inorganic compounds [19][20][21]. Lee et al [5] utilized FT-NIRS, a method of organic content analysis.…”
Section: Validation Of the Origin Discrimination Tablementioning
A low soybean self-sufficiency rate in South Korea has caused a high import dependence and considerable price variation between domestic and foreign soybeans, causing the false labeling of foreign soybeans as domestic. Conventional soybean origin discrimination methods prevent a single-grain analysis and rely on the presence or absence of several compounds or concentration differences. This limits the origin discrimination of mixed samples, demonstrating the need for a method that analyzes individual grains. Therefore, we developed a method for origin discrimination using genetic analysis. The whole-genome sequencing data of the Williams 82 reference cultivar and 15 soybean varieties cultivated in South Korea were analyzed to identify the dense variation blocks (dVBs) with a high single-nucleotide polymorphism density. The PCR primers were prepared and validated for the insertion–deletion (InDel) sequences of the dVBs to discriminate each soybean variety. Our method effectively discriminated domestic and foreign soybean varieties, eliminating their false labeling.
“…In previous studies that used methods of inorganic content analysis, such as inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry or ED-XRF, the reported efficiency was 91.0-94.0%. Moreover, various statistical techniques were applied based on the concentration of 4-8 types of inorganic compounds [19][20][21]. Lee et al [5] utilized FT-NIRS, a method of organic content analysis.…”
Section: Validation Of the Origin Discrimination Tablementioning
A low soybean self-sufficiency rate in South Korea has caused a high import dependence and considerable price variation between domestic and foreign soybeans, causing the false labeling of foreign soybeans as domestic. Conventional soybean origin discrimination methods prevent a single-grain analysis and rely on the presence or absence of several compounds or concentration differences. This limits the origin discrimination of mixed samples, demonstrating the need for a method that analyzes individual grains. Therefore, we developed a method for origin discrimination using genetic analysis. The whole-genome sequencing data of the Williams 82 reference cultivar and 15 soybean varieties cultivated in South Korea were analyzed to identify the dense variation blocks (dVBs) with a high single-nucleotide polymorphism density. The PCR primers were prepared and validated for the insertion–deletion (InDel) sequences of the dVBs to discriminate each soybean variety. Our method effectively discriminated domestic and foreign soybean varieties, eliminating their false labeling.
“…VIS-NIR spectroscopy was first applied in agriculture by Norris to measure the moisture in grain [1]. Various spectrometers and pretreatment techniques have been developed for analyzing the constituents of various materials and foods [2][3][4]. Recently, food products containing genetically modified organisms (GMO) have been studied using NIR spectroscopy [5].…”
Visible-near-infrared (VIS-NIR) spectroscopy is a fast and non-destructive method for analyzing materials. However, most commercial VIS-NIR spectrometers are inappropriate for use in various locations such as in homes or offices because of their size and cost. In this paper, we classified eight food powders using a portable VIS-NIR spectrometer with a wavelength range of 450-1,000 nm. We developed three machine learning models using the spectral data for the eight food powders. The proposed three machine learning models (random forest, k-nearest neighbors, and support vector machine) achieved an accuracy of 87%, 98%, and 100%, respectively. Our experimental results showed that the support vector machine model is the most suitable for classifying non-linear spectral data. We demonstrated the potential of material analysis using a portable VIS-NIR spectrometer.Key Words: Classification, Food Powder, Machine Learning, Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Portable VIS-NIR Spectrometer. This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ⓒ
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