Identification of the dinoflagellate community during Cochlodinium polykrikoides (Dinophyceae) blooms using amplified rDNA melting curve analysis and real-time PCR probes

Deleterious consequences of a red tide dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides for the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa

“…Recently, C. polykrikoides blooms have been documented in many coastal waters ranging throughout temperate, subtropical, and tropical latitudes in both Asia and North America (Anton et al 2008, Curtiss et al 2008, Gobler et al 2008, Park et al 2009). Cell densities during blooms usually range from 10 3 to 10 4 cells ml -1 (Anton et al 2008, Curtiss et al 2008, Gobler et al 2008, Park et al 2009). Bloom patches can achieve cell densities exceeding 10 5 cells ml -1 (Gobler et al 2008).…”

Detection of Cochlodinium polykrikoides and Gymnodinium impudicum (Dinophyceae) in sediment samples from Korea using real-time PCR

“…Second, a false-positive detection can result from a potential presence of unknown related species/genotypes with similar sequences to the species-specific DNA probes. Specificity of the real-time PCR probes was previously tested against related organisms and surface water samples (Park et al, 2009a). Assay specificity was further confirmed by sequence analysis of PCR amplicons from sediment samples, suggesting that no non-specific reaction occurred during the survey.…”

“…For example, in 2007, C. polykrikoides blooms started in early August in the coast of Yeosu and expanded to the coast of Mogpo and near Chinhae Bay (NFRDI, 2008). The blooms lasted until the late August and cell densities peaked at 16,928 cells mL À1 , measured by microscopic counts and a species-specific real-time PCR assay (NFRDI, 2008;Park et al, 2009a). G. impudicum abundances ranged from 1 to 25 cells mL À1 in the coast of Yeosu during the same period (Park et al, 2009a).…”

“…The blooms lasted until the late August and cell densities peaked at 16,928 cells mL À1 , measured by microscopic counts and a species-specific real-time PCR assay (NFRDI, 2008;Park et al, 2009a). G. impudicum abundances ranged from 1 to 25 cells mL À1 in the coast of Yeosu during the same period (Park et al, 2009a). Real-time PCR results showed that C. polykrikoides is prevalent in sediments from South Sea, whereas no C. polykrikoides was detected from East and Yellow Seas where this species has been occasionally observed in the water column in the past.…”

“…Surface sediment samples collected from East, South, and Yellow Seas were analyzed using existing speciesselective real-time PCR probes (Park et al, 2009a) specific for the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) rRNA gene of C. polykrikoides and G. impudicum.…”