Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic autoimmune oral mucosal disease which seriously affect the life quality of the patients. But till now, the exact etiology and pathogenesis of OLP still remains unclear. The aim of our study was to find the key molecules and pathway involved in the pathogenesis mechanisms of OLP, therefore, provide reference for identifying more effective therapeutic strategies for OLP. Data from GSE52130 were downloaded from GEO data sets for analysis, and a total of 255 differentially expressed genes were selected out. Then by means of a series of gene enrichment analysis, we illustrated that most of these important genes were enriched in the focal adhesion pathway and metabolism pathways. In addition, we also constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and identified 8 hub genes which may play the important role in the development of OLP, including THBS2, COL3A1, IGFBP3, COL1A2, COL1A1, PTGS2, IL1B, ARG1. Lastly, we also predicted transcription factors of these hub genes, then constructed the corresponding transcription regulatory network. Taken together, our data indicated that the focal adhesion pathway and metabolism pathways, as well as 8 crucial immune-related genes might be most likely involved in the development of OLP, which would provide important information and objective basis for elucidating the pathogenesis of OLP and providing more effective targeted immunotherapy strategies for OLP.