Identification of the cloud pulse responsible for a trans‐ionospheric pulse pair

Russell, C. T.; Zuelsdorf, R. S.; Strangeway, R. J.; Franz, R. C.

doi:10.1029/98gl52028

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In fact, it was a during the 1993 Blackbeard experiment on ALEXIS, a nuclear non-proliferation surveillance satellite, that TIPPs, transionospheric pulse pairs, were discovered (Holden et al 1996). TIPPs are 30-300 MHz emissions from a lightning EMP and its echo (microseconds later) off of the ground; they are some 10 4 times more powerful than ordinary sferics generated by lightning (Russell et al 1998). The effect of the EMP is also seen in the phenomenon known as ELVES (Emission of Light and VLF perturbations from EMP Sources).…”

Section: Sfericsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in planetary lightning

et al. 2002

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We review the progress in the last decade in the field of planetary lightning. We provide background covering terrestrial lightning and newly discovered associated phenomena such as sprites. We concentrate on the theory and observations regarding lightning at Jupiter, especially the discoveries made by the Galileo orbiter and entry probe. Recent observations of Titan's atmosphere and a theory of possible lightning at Titan are reviewed. We discuss the potential for lightning detection by the Huygens probe that will enter Titan's atmosphere in 2005. Directions for future progress in planetary lightning are outlined.

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Section: Sfericsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in planetary lightning

et al. 2002

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“…The descriptor of “pulse pairs” is self‐explanatory; the signals were deemed “transionospheric” because of the frequency‐dependent dispersion they showed, due to propagation of RF signals through ionospheric plasma (e.g., Budden, , and earlier references therein). This discovery initiated a burst of speculation and experiments regarding the paired nature of the detected pulses (Massey & Holden, ; Roussel‐Dupré & Gurevich, ; Massey et al, ; Zuelsdorf et al, ; Zuelsdorf et al, ; Russell et al, ), but a complete picture needed a larger data sample to unravel.…”

Section: Fortementioning

confidence: 99%

A Retrospective of Findings From the FORTE Satellite Mission

Light

2020

JGR Atmospheres

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We revisit the findings from the FORTE satellite program (1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004), which collected optical imaging of lightning as well as optical and radio frequency time series waveforms globally from low-earth-orbit. These include surveys of the earth's radio frequency anthropogenic noise environment; earth surface reflectivity at radio frequencies; a scheme for classifying lightning discharge types on the basis of their very high frequency time domain power envelope; insights into the polarization and radiation pattern characteristics of different lightning types, with implications for the underlying discharge processes; and estimates of cloud optical properties based on the statistics of scattered light. Most significantly, FORTE was uniquely suited to capture large samples of data from the rare discharge known as "narrow bipolar events," enabling detailed examination of their basic characteristics and confirming that they appear to result from fundamentally distinct physical processes compared to other lightning. In particular, despite representing huge charge transfer they evidently produce little-to-no light output.

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Red sprites, upward lightning, and VLF perturbations

Rodger¹

1999

Reviews of Geophysics

167

135

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Abstract. In the last decade there has been a great deal of interest in the detection and understanding of phenomena occurring above active thunderstorms. The discovery of the optical phenomena now termed "red sprites" is discussed, along with the properties that have been experimentally determined. Areas of disagreement between experimentalists are pointed out. Other optical and electromagnetic phenomena associated with red sprites are presented. These include blue iets, transionospheric pulse pairs, and gamma ray flashes. Particular attention is given to the work on perturbations on very low frequency radio wave transmissions ("VLF sprites"), which has provided estimates of the electrical properties of sprites. Research into activity above thunderstorms will continue to lead to a greater understanding of the coupling between thunderstorms in the troposphere to the stratosphere, mesosphere, ionosphere, and beyond. INTRODUCTIONIn the past decade there has been a complete transformation in the perception of the region above thunderstorms. Previously, this region was considered to be passive, doing little more than allow radio waves through to the ionosphere and pass the thunderstorm ( The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the key observations associated with red sprites, to describe the scientific importance of the phenomena (even though their effects usually last <30 s), and provide a basis from which theoretical models can be developed and tested. Where appropriate, the explanations of the observed phenomena have been summarized or referenced, as these can provide a framework for future studies. However, we have not attempted a detail review of the theoretical treatments: the presentation of this material would be well suited to its own dedicated review.This review is in eight parts. Sections 2 and 3 give an overview of early optical observations that may have well have been the first observations of red sprites, followed by a discussion on their discovery. Section 4 includes a review of all the experimental properties of red sprites. It is followed by a section discussing related phenomena, which include blue jets and elves. There is a wealth of radio wave effects that are associated with red sprites.The more direct effects are discussed in section 6, whereas section 7 deals with the "remote sensing" of red sprites using VLF transmissions. The final section addresses key issues and questions for the future and outlines the importance of red sprites in the wider context of coupling between different levels of the atmosphere and possible changes in its chemistry. The subsequent sections give summaries of the key properties of red sprites and possibly related phenomena.Few review articles are produced totally independent of earlier reviews. The interested reader might like to consult Sentman and Wescott [1995, 1996]

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Identification of the cloud pulse responsible for a trans‐ionospheric pulse pair

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

Progress in planetary lightning

Progress in planetary lightning

A Retrospective of Findings From the FORTE Satellite Mission

Red sprites, upward lightning, and VLF perturbations

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