Identification of specific antigenic epitope at N-terminal segment of enterovirus 71 (EV-71) VP1 protein and characterization of its use in recombinant form for early diagnosis of EV-71 infection

Zhang, Jianhua; Jiang, Bin; Xu, Mingyu; Xing, Dan; Purdy, Michael A.; Meng, Jingjing

doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2014.06.003

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Therefore, VP1 is usually used in the detection, identification, classification, and phylogenetic analysis of various EV71 genotypes. 160,161 Meanwhile, 3C protease plays an essential role in the life cycle of EV71. This protease cleaves the polyprotein precursor into constitutive proteins and interacts with several host factors that are essential for protein and nucleic acid synthesis.…”

Section: Dna Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Literature Review on the Antiviral Mechanism of Luteolin

Lü

Zhang

Ren

et al. 2023

Natural Product Communications

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Background Viral infections pose some of the most serious human health concerns worldwide. The infections caused by several viruses, including coronavirus, hepatitis virus, and human immunodeficiency virus, are difficult to treat. Methods This review details the findings of a literature search performed on the antiviral properties of luteolin. The keywords engaged in the search are “virus” along with “luteolin.” Results Luteolin possesses antiviral properties, which is the basis for the current review. It is an important natural flavonoid with numerous important biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, immune regulatory, and antitumor effects, and is found in vegetables, fruits, and several medicinal plants. Recent studies have revealed that many traditional Chinese medicines that contain luteolin inhibit the replication of coronaviruses. Conclusion Luteolin effectively inhibits the replication of coronavirus, influenza virus, enterovirus, rotavirus, herpes virus, and respiratory syncytial virus, among others. In particular, it prevents viral infection by improving the body's nonspecific immunity and antioxidation capacity and inhibiting many pathways related to virus infection and replication, such as MAPK, PI3K-AKT, TLR4/8, NF-κB, Nrf-2/hemeoxygenase-1, and others. It also regulates the expression of some receptors and factors, including hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, p53, NLRP3, TNF-α, and interleukins, thereby interfering with the replication of viruses in cells. Luteolin also promotes the repair of damaged cells induced by proinflammatory factors by regulating the expression of inflammatory molecules. The overall effect of these processes is the reduction in viral replication and, consequently, the viral load. This review summarizes the antiviral effect of luteolin and the mechanism underlying this property.

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Section: Dna Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Literature Review on the Antiviral Mechanism of Luteolin

Lü

Zhang

Ren

et al. 2023

Natural Product Communications

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“…Alignment analysis of amino acid sequences of EV-A71 showed that amino acid residues from 6-43 was highly conserved among all genotypes and sub-genotypes of EV-A71 and are different from strains of CV-A16 and Echovirus 6. When a VP1 truncated protein carrying the N-terminal antigenic epitope expressed as a GST-VP1 6-43 fusion protein was used in an indirect ELISA assay to capture anti-EV-A71 IgM in human sera, it showed a sensitivity of 77.8% and 100% specificity for early diagnosis of EV-A71 [40]. The sensitivity of this EV-A71-specific assay could perhaps be further improved by employing a direct IgM capture format.…”

Section: Immunoassaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2016

INID

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Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a commonly occurring mild febrile disease in young children (<6 years of age). Clinical symptoms are high fever, rash, ulcers in the mouth and vesicles on the hands and feet. The two most common pathogens causing HFMD are Enterovirus (EV-A71) and Coxsackievirus (CV-A16). In recent years, large HFMD outbreaks have occurred in Asia and instead of manifesting itself as a mild disease; HFMD caused by EV71 has been increasingly associated with severe neurological disorders and high fatalities. More than 7 million cases of HFMD have been reported with over 2000 fatalities in China. Other Human Enteroviruses (HEVs) such as CV-A6, 8, A10, A16, Coxsackie B5, Echovirus 4, Echovirus 19 and Echovirus 30 have also been isolated from HFMD outbreaks but they have not been associated with fatal infections. Since there is no effective vaccine or antiviral for the treatment of EV-A71, surveillance of the pathogen in the community and social distancing by isolation of infected patients provide prospects for control of large outbreaks. The control measures are highly dependent on rapid identification of EV-A71 from clinical specimens. RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR and Reversed Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) are highly sensitive and specific in detecting EV-A71 but these molecular approaches require expensive equipment and molecular reagents, trained personnel and could not be readily adopted for use in rural and provincial hospitals in developing countries. This review provides an update of the immunoassays that have been developed for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of EV-A71 in developing countries.

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“…During translation, a single precursor polyprotein is synthetized and cleaved by proteases into four structural proteins (VP1–VP4) and seven functional proteins (2A–2C and 3A–3D) [ 17 , 18 ]. The majority of the viral epitopes are located on VP1, which is a key structural protein of EV71 [ 19 – 20 ]. Thus, VP1 is typically used as an indicator for the detection, identification, classification, and phylogenetic analysis of various EV71 genotypes [ 21 – 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Luteoloside Acts as 3C Protease Inhibitor of Enterovirus 71 In Vitro

Cao

Ding

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

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Luteoloside is a member of the flavonoids family that exhibits several bioactivities including anti-microbial and anti-cancer activities. However, the antiviral activity of luteoloside against enterovirus 71 (EV71) and the potential mechanism(s) responsible for this effect remain unknown. In this study, the antiviral potency of luteoloside against EV71 and its inhibitory effects on 3C protease activity were evaluated. First, we investigated the cytotoxicity of luteoloside against rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells, which was the cell line selected for an in vitro infection model. In a subsequent antiviral assay, the cytopathic effect of EV71 was significantly and dose-dependently relieved by the administration of luteoloside (EC50 = 0.43 mM, selection index = 5.3). Using a plaque reduction assay, we administered luteoloside at various time points and found that the compound reduced EV71 viability in RD cells rather than increasing defensive mobilization or viral absorption. Moreover, biochemical studies focused on VP1 (a key structural protein of EV71) mRNA transcript and protein levels also revealed the inhibitory effects of luteoloside on the EV71 viral yield. Finally, we performed inhibition assays using luteoloside to evaluate its effect on recombinant 3C protease activity. Our results demonstrated that luteoloside blocked 3C protease enzymatic activity in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 0.36 mM) that was similar to the effect of rutin, which is a well-known C3 protease inhibitor. Collectively, the results from this study indicate that luteoloside can block 3C protease activity and subsequently inhibit EV71 production in vitro.

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Identification of specific antigenic epitope at N-terminal segment of enterovirus 71 (EV-71) VP1 protein and characterization of its use in recombinant form for early diagnosis of EV-71 infection

Cited by 10 publications

References 21 publications

A Literature Review on the Antiviral Mechanism of Luteolin

A Literature Review on the Antiviral Mechanism of Luteolin

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Luteoloside Acts as 3C Protease Inhibitor of Enterovirus 71 In Vitro

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