Raman spectroscopy technology is a spectral analysis technology based on Raman effect. With this technology, the molecular structure information can be identified and analyzed quickly, nondestructively and effectively, and it has high spectral specificity. Raman spectroscopy technology can provide the mineral components information of lunar soil samples, which is of great significance for lunar surface exploration and future resource utilization. In this paper, a 785nm Raman spectroscopy detection system was set up, and used to detect and identify phosphate components with different doping concentrations in various types of earth soils, which provided data support for further analysis of lunar samples.