Identification of SopE2, a
            <i>Salmonella</i>
            Secreted Protein Which Is Highly Homologous to SopE and Involved in Bacterial Invasion of Epithelial Cells

Bakshi, Chandra Shekhar; Singh, Vikash; Wood, Michael W.; Jones, Philip W.; Wallis, Timothy S.; Galyov, Edouard E.

doi:10.1128/jb.182.8.2341-2344.2000

Cited by 158 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…This gene encodes a protein, SopE2, that is 69% identical to SopE and also acts as an efficient GEF for Cdc42 [26,285] but in contrast with SopE, not for Rac1, suggesting that these two similar effectors can activate different sets of Rho GTPases signaling cascades [286]. Like SopE, SopE2 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diarrhea and enteritis associated with Salmonella infection in calves [229] and in streptomycin-pretreated mice [228].…”

Section: Sope and Sope2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact ofSalmonella entericaType III Secretion System Effectors on the Eukaryotic Host Cell

Ramos‐Morales

2012

ISRN Cell Biology

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Type III secretion systems are molecular machines used by many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens to inject proteins, known as effectors, directly into eukaryotic host cells. These proteins manipulate host signal transduction pathways and cellular processes to the pathogen's advantage. Salmonella enterica possesses two virulence-related type III secretion systems that deliver more than forty effectors. This paper reviews our current knowledge about the functions, biochemical activities, host targets, and impact on host cells of these effectors. First, the concerted action of effectors at the cellular level in relevant aspects of the interaction between Salmonella and its hosts is analyzed. Then, particular issues that will drive research in the field in the near future are discussed. Finally, detailed information about each individual effector is provided.

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Section: Sope and Sope2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact ofSalmonella entericaType III Secretion System Effectors on the Eukaryotic Host Cell

Ramos‐Morales

2012

ISRN Cell Biology

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“…Salmonella delivers three distinct effector proteins that functionally converge at the level of Rho family GTPases to elicit host cell entry. SopE and its homolog SopE2 act as bona fide GEFs for the Rho family members Cdc42, Rac and RhoG (Bakshi et al, 2000;Hardt et al, 1998;Stender et al, 2000). A second effector protein, SopB, encodes a phosphoinositide phosphatase that feeds into the GTPase cycle by indirectly activating a host-encoded exchange factor, SGEF, specific for RhoG (Patel and Galan, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Function of Rho Family GTPases during Salmonella/Host Cell Interactions

Patel¹,

Galán²

2008

Methods in Enzymology

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Salmonella enterica comprise a family of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria that have evolved sophisticated virulence mechanisms to enter non-phagocytic cells. The entry event is the result of a carefully orchestrated modulation of Rho family GTPase activity within the host cell, which in turn triggers localized remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. These cytoskeletal rearrangements drive profuse membrane ruffling and lamellipodial extensions that envelop bacteria and trigger their internalization. This chapter describes a number of methods used to investigate the role of Rho family GTPases during Salmonella/host cell interactions. In particular, we detail a variety of complementary techniques, including affinity pull-down assays and bacterial-induced membrane ruffling and internalization assays to show that Salmonella-induced actin remodeling and entry require the Rho family members Rac and RhoG.

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“…For triggering invasion, S. typhimurium employs the specialized type III secretion system encoded in "Salmonella pathogenicity island I" (SPI1) to inject/translocate a set of at least nine different bacterial toxins (called "effector proteins") into host cells (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22). Inside the host cell, the effector proteins activate signaling cascades leading to a variety of responses including cytoskeletal rearrangements and bacterial internalization/invasion (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

SopE and SopE2 from Salmonella typhimurium Activate Different Sets of RhoGTPases of the Host Cell

Friebel¹,

Ilchmann²,

Aepfelbacher³

et al. 2001

Journal of Biological Chemistry

218

178

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The bacterial enteropathogen Salmonella typhimurium employs a specialized type III secretion system to inject toxins into host cells, which trigger signaling cascades leading to cell death in macrophages, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, or rearrangements of the host cell cytoskeleton and thus to bacterial invasion. Two of the injected toxins, SopE and the 69% identical protein SopE2, are highly efficient guanine nucleotide exchange factors for the RhoGTPase Cdc42 of the host cell. However, it has been a puzzle why S. typhimurium might employ two toxins with redundant function. We hypothesized that SopE and SopE2 might have different specificities for certain host cellular RhoGTPases. In vitro guanine nucleotide exchange assays and surface plasmon resonance measurements revealed that SopE is an efficient guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Cdc42 and Rac1, whereas SopE2 was interacting efficiently only with Cdc42, but not with Rac1. Affinity precipitation of Cdc42⅐GTP and Rac1⅐GTP from lysates and characteristic cytoskeletal rearrangements of infected tissue culture cells confirmed that SopE is highly efficient at activating Cdc42 and Rac1 in vivo, whereas SopE2 was efficiently activating Cdc42, but not Rac1. We conclude that the translocated effector proteins SopE and SopE2 allow S. typhimurium to specifically activate different sets of RhoGTPase signaling cascades.

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Identification of SopE2, a Salmonella Secreted Protein Which Is Highly Homologous to SopE and Involved in Bacterial Invasion of Epithelial Cells

Cited by 158 publications

References 17 publications

Impact ofSalmonella entericaType III Secretion System Effectors on the Eukaryotic Host Cell

Impact ofSalmonella entericaType III Secretion System Effectors on the Eukaryotic Host Cell

Investigating the Function of Rho Family GTPases during Salmonella/Host Cell Interactions

SopE and SopE2 from Salmonella typhimurium Activate Different Sets of RhoGTPases of the Host Cell

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