“…CD40 ligation acts on ULK1, a central initiator of autophagy in mammalian cells (Chan, Longatti, McKnight, & Tooze, , Itakura & Mizushima, , Russell et al, ), causing its S555 phosphorylation (marker of ULK1 activation; Liu, Lopez Corcino, Portillo, Miao, & Subauste, ), induces dissociation of Beclin 1 from Bcl‐2 (Liu et al, ), a process that enables Beclin 1 to stimulate autophagosome formation (Pattingre et al, ), and activates PKR (Ogolla et al, ), a protein that stimulates autophagy (Talloczy, Virgin, & Levine, ). As a result, CD40 increases autophagosome formation and maturation to autolysosomes (autophagy flux; Ogolla et al, , Van Grol, Muniz‐Feliciano, Portillo, Bonilha, & Subauste, , Liu et al, ). CD40 ligation in haematopoietic and nonhaematopoietic cells from humans and mice leads to accumulation of the autophagy protein LC3 around the parasite followed by recruitment of the lysosomal marker LAMP‐1 and killing of T .…”