Identification of sequence types among the M-nontypeable group A streptococci

Abstract

Streptococcal diseases, namely, acute glomerulonephritis and acute rheumatic fever, are common features in the aboriginal population of the Northern Territory of Australia. We examined the group A streptococcal M types identified during various surveys conducted since 1987. Streptococci were predominantly isolated from skin infections. A high proportion of the isolates could not be serotyped by conventional means and were designated M nontypeable (MNT). M-specific DNA sequences from the MNT isolates were examined, and sequence types were proposed for the classification of MNTs. This allowed a more precise estimate of the M types present in a population study.

Survey of emm gene sequences and T-antigen types from systemic Streptococcus pyogenes infection isolates collected in San Francisco, California; Atlanta, Georgia; and Connecticut in 1994 and 1995

“…Also, in a minority of cases, longer sequences were not as accurate. The GenBank accession numbers for the emm and emm-like genes have been presented previously (2,4,12,19,20,(24)(25)(26). Those for the sequences emmst2967 and emmst2974 which were obtained in this study are given below.…”

Triple-negative (basal-like) breast cancer: a new entity

“…When tumours are small they secrete VEGF, which acts as a paracrine factor to induce endothelial cell proliferation and blood vessel formation, mediating tumour progression. As the tumour develops further, additional factors are also secreted [15]. This evidence suggests that the inhibition of VEGF may be more beneficial in earlier stages, as neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment.…”

“…There have been a number of reasons hypothesized that could explain these observations. First of all, it has been demonstrated that VEGF inhibition is more effective in earlier disease, since in advanced disease there are also other angiogenic factors that are overexpressed [11].…”

“…However, mastectomy remains indicated in at least 20% of patients. An important improvement resulted from the skin-sparing mastectomy technique, validated by several publications [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The preservation of the skin envelope has favoured the quality of the breast reconstruction, and breast reconstructive surgery has made important progress, providing more natural shape.…”

“…The nipple areola complex (NAC) Available online http://breast-cancer-research.com/supplements/9/S1 appears an identity mark of the breast [12]. Several authors have evaluated the risk of nipple areola involvement and investigated the possibility of nipple areola preservation [13][14][15][16][17][18]. Focusing on such risk, and the possible cancer recurrence in the breast tissue preserved beneath the NAC for the blood supply, we proposed to combine the subcutaneous mastectomy technique with intraoperative radiotherapy with electrons (ELIOT), previously trialled in breast-conserving treatment [19].…”