Identification of products formed during the heterogeneous nitration and ozonation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Cochran, Richard E.; Jeong, H.; Haddadi, Shokouh Hosseinzadeh; Derseh, Rebeka Fisseha; Gowan, Alexandra; Beránek, Josef; Kubátová, Alena

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.12.036

Cited by 43 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…EC is one of the major light-absorbing aerosols in the atmosphere (Collier et al, 2018;Peng et al, 2016). To further discuss the changes of BrC during the aerosol aging process, we compared the mass absorption efficiency of EC at λ = 550 nm (7.5 ± 1.2 m 2 g −1 ) with BrC by using the method reported from Yan et al (2015) and Kirillova et al (2014).…”

Section: The Characteristics Of Brc With Aerosol Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The characteristics of atmospheric brown carbon in Xi'an, inland China: sources, size distributions and optical properties

Wang

et al. 2020

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. To investigate the characteristics of atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) in the semiarid region of East Asia, PM2.5 and size-resolved particles in the urban atmosphere of Xi'an, inland China, during the winter and summer of 2017 were collected and analyzed for optical properties and chemical compositions. Methanol extracts (MeOH extracts) were more light-absorbing than water extracts (H2O extracts) in the optical wavelength of 300–600 nm and well correlated with nitrophenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (r > 0.78). The light absorptions (absλ=365 nm) of H2O extracts and MeOH extracts in winter were 28±16 and 49±32 M m−1, respectively, which are about 10 times higher than those in summer, mainly due to the enhanced emissions from biomass burning for house heating. Water-extracted BrC predominately occurred in the fine mode (< 2.1 µm) during winter and summer, accounting for 81 % and 65 % of the total absorption of BrC, respectively. The light absorption and stable carbon isotope composition measurements showed an increasing ratio of absλ=365 nm-MeOH to absλ=550 nm-EC along with an enrichment of 13C in PM2.5 during the haze development, indicating an accumulation of secondarily formed BrC (e.g., nitrophenols) in the aerosol aging process. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis showed that biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion, secondary formation, and fugitive dust are the major sources of BrC in the city, accounting for 55 %, 19 %, 16 %, and 10 % of the total BrC of PM2.5, respectively.

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Section: The Characteristics Of Brc With Aerosol Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The characteristics of atmospheric brown carbon in Xi'an, inland China: sources, size distributions and optical properties

Wang

et al. 2020

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…Like the parent compounds, polar PAH derivatives can form directly through incomplete combustion. However, PAH derivatives can also be formed through a variety of abiotic and biotic processes, including reactions with NO x , O 3 , and OH radicals in the atmosphere (Cochran et al 2016; Jariyasopit et al. 2014a; Jariyasopit et al 2014b; Lundstedt et al 2007), and biotic metabolism (Shailaja et al 2006; Xue and Warshawsky 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative developmental toxicity of a comprehensive suite of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

et al. 2017

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental contaminants that occur in complex mixtures. Several PAHs are known or suspected mutagens and/or carcinogens, but developmental toxicity data is lacking for PAHs, particularly their oxygenated and nitrated derivatives. Such data are necessary to understand and predict the toxicity of environmental mixtures. 123 PAHs were assessed for morphological and neurobehavioral effects for a range of concentrations between 0.1 and 50 µM, using a high throughput early-life stage zebrafish assay, including 33 parent, 22 nitrated, 17 oxygenated, 19 hydroxylated, 14 methylated, 16 heterocyclic, and 2 aminated PAHs. Additionally, each PAH was evaluated for AHR activation, by assessing CYP1A protein expression using whole animal immunohistochemistry (IHC). Responses to PAHs varied in a structurally dependent manner. High-molecular weight PAHs were significantly more developmentally toxic than the low-molecular weight PAHs, and CYP1A expression was detected in five distinct tissues, including vasculature, liver, skin, neuromasts and yolk.

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“…PAH derivatives can occur in the environment from a range of primary and secondary sources, including biotic and abiotic transformation processes ( Cochran et al , 2016 ; Li et al , 2015 ; Shailaja et al , 2006 ; Vicente et al , 2015 ; Wei et al , 2015 ). NPAHs are known to be formed through reactions with particulate-bound PAHs and NO x radicals during atmospheric transport ( Arey et al , 1986 ; Jariyasopit et al , 2014 ; Zimmermann et al , 2013 ), as well as being common pollutants in diesel vehicle exhaust ( Bamford et al , 2003 ; Schuetzle et al , 1982 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Mechanistic Investigations Into the Developmental Toxicity of Nitrated and Heterocyclic PAHs

Chlebowski

Garcia

et al. 2017

Toxicological Sciences

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Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) and heterocyclic PAHs (HPAHs) are recognized environmental pollutants. However, the health risks of NPAHs and HPAHs to humans and environmental systems are not well-studied. The developmental zebrafish (Danio rerio) model was used to evaluate the toxicity of a structurally diverse set of 27 NPAHs and 10 HPAHs. The individual activity of each compound towards the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), including the role of the AHR in observed toxicity, and genetic markers of oxidative stress and cardiac toxicity were evaluated. Zebrafish embryos were exposed from 6 to 120 hours post fertilization (hpf), to a broad concentration range of individual compounds, and evaluated for 22 developmental endpoints. The potential role of AHR was determined using the transgenic Tg(cyp1a:nls-egfp) reporter zebrafish line. All compounds were screened computationally through molecular docking using a previously developed AHR models of zebrafish isoforms 1A, 1B, and 2. Some compounds did not induce observable developmental toxic responses, whereas others produced statistically significant concentration-dependent toxicity. The tested compounds also exhibited a range of predicted AHR binding and cyp1a/GFP induction patterns, including cyp1a expression in the liver, vasculature, skin, and yolk, which we determined to be due to distinct isoforms of the AHR, using morpholino oligonucleotide knockdown. Furthermore, we investigated mRNA expression of oxidative and cardiac stress genes at 48 and 120 hpf, which indicated several potential mechanisms-of-action for NPAHs. Overall, we observed a range of developmental toxicities, cyp1a/GFP expression patterns, and gene expression profiles, suggestive of several potential mechanisms of action.

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Identification of products formed during the heterogeneous nitration and ozonation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Cited by 43 publications

References 38 publications

The characteristics of atmospheric brown carbon in Xi'an, inland China: sources, size distributions and optical properties

The characteristics of atmospheric brown carbon in Xi'an, inland China: sources, size distributions and optical properties

Comparative developmental toxicity of a comprehensive suite of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Mechanistic Investigations Into the Developmental Toxicity of Nitrated and Heterocyclic PAHs

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