Identification of potential biomarkers of lung adenocarcinoma brain metastases via microarray analysis of cDNA expression profiles

Abstract

Brain metastases originating from lung adenocarcinoma (LAD) occur frequently. The aim of the current study was to assess potential biomarkers for the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma brain metastasis (LAD-BM) through the analysis of gene expression microarrays. The current study downloaded two gene expression datasets, GSE14108 and GSE10245, from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. From GSE14108 and GSE10245, 19 LAD-BM samples and 40 primary LAD samples were selected for analysis. To identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), the current study compared the two sample groups, using the limma R package. Subsequently, pathway enrichment analysis was conducted using the Cluster Profiler R package, and the construction of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was executed utilizing the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database. The microRNA-target network was built using the TargetScore R package. Then, these networks were established and visualized using Cytoscape software. An array of 463 DEGs was identified in the LAD-BM samples, including 256 upregulated and 207 downregulated genes. Based on functional term enrichment analysis using the Gene Ontology database and signaling pathway enrichment analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database, it was identified that the overlapping DEGs were primarily involved in chemokine-associated signal transduction, which may mediate lung cancer cell metastasis to the brain. Chemokine ligand 2, lysozyme, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), lysyl oxidase (LOX) and granzyme B were identified as potential biomarkers according to a topological analysis of the PPI networks. Two notable nodes, MMP-2 and LOX, appeared in the PPI network and were key points in the microRNA-target network, as they were regulated by hsa-let-7d. Many DEGs and microRNAs were regarded as prognostic biomarkers for lung adenocarcinoma metastasis in the current study. These DEGs were primarily associated with chemokine-mediated signaling pathways. In addition, MMP-2 and LOX were predicted to be targets of hsa-let-7d.

Epigenomic dysregulation-mediated alterations of key biological pathways and tumor immune evasion are hallmarks of gingivo-buccal oral cancer

“…The negative regulation of the cell cycle during G0 and G1 phases was shown in a previous study on OSCC [30]. The chemokine-mediated signaling pathway was earlier found altered in lung cancer [31].…”

An immune-related gene expression signature predicts brain metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma patients after surgery: gene expression profile and immunohistochemical analyses

“…Su et al also reported that cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction was the most significantly enriched signaling pathway in LUAD BM using microarray analysis of cDNA expression profiles (20). Among the genes associated with the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction identified by Su et al, CCL18 was included in our results (20). The chemokine signaling pathway, an important immunological mediator pathway, was also elevated in BM samples compared to primary LUAD samples (20).…”

“…In our study, five genes (CCL18, CCL23, CSF2, IFNAR2, and IL6ST) involved in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway were found to be closely related to BM. Su et al also reported that cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction was the most significantly enriched signaling pathway in LUAD BM using microarray analysis of cDNA expression profiles (20). Among the genes associated with the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction identified by Su et al, CCL18 was included in our results (20).…”

“…Among the genes associated with the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction identified by Su et al, CCL18 was included in our results (20). The chemokine signaling pathway, an important immunological mediator pathway, was also elevated in BM samples compared to primary LUAD samples (20). In experiments using the Gene Expression Omnibus database, the cytokinecytokine receptor interaction pathway was upregulated in HER2-positive breast cancer with BM (21).…”

The Expression Patterns of BECN1, LAMP2, and PINK1 Genes in Colorectal Cancer Are Potentially Regulated by Micrornas and CpG Islands: An In Silico Study

“…To date, only two clinical trials have been conducted on the use of miRNAs in cancer treatment. The results point to the need for further improvements and to the limited knowledge on miRNAs’ mechanisms of action [ 29 ].…”