“…These two phenomena lead to a nonlinear and time-varying behavior and to an increased complexity in the associated control systems. In previous studies on PAMs or PAM manipulators, these drawbacks were mostly left as uncertainties or disturbances to the associated control systems, and the efforts to overcome them were mainly put into the control algorithms, such as sliding mode control [7], nonlinear PID control using neural networks [8], adaptive sliding mode control [9], or NAX fuzzy model by means of genetic algorithm [22].…”